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Sugar Act of 1764
WHO: put through Parliament by Grenville; imposed on colonists
WHAT: put a tax on various everyday goods regularly imported by colonists (sugar, coffee, molasses)
WHEN AND WHERE: 1764-1766 replaced by Revenue Act; American colonies
WHY: Updated version of Molasses Act of 1733 (lower tax but enforced more regularly). Stop importation of molasses and sugar from French Caribbean traders, stop smuggling, and tax colonists to pay for French and Indian War
Stamp Act of 1765
WHO: Grenville
WHAT: tax stamp on ALL printed items, decreased cost for common items (newspapers) and increased cost for special items (lawyer's license)
WHEN AND WHERE: 1765 in American colonies
WHY: cover cost of keeping British troops in America. impacts wealthy people more but also affects anyone who did any kind of business -> stronger response than Sugar Act. raises issue of taxation w/o representation (Benjamin Franklin. direct tax on colonists.
Virtual representation
WHO: British Politicians
WHAT: Claim made by British Politicians that the interests of American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded w/ colonies and sugar platers who owned land in West Indies
WHY: Response to Franklin's proposal of taxation w/ representation
Quartering Act of 1765
WHO: Parliament decision requested by Gen. Thomas Gage; imposed on colonists
WHAT: colonial gov. forced to provide barracks and food for British people
WHEN AND WHERE: 1765 in American colonies
WHY: colonists did not abide by policy which led to increased resistance against Britain forming within colonies
Stamp Act Congress
WHO: Colonial Assembly Members (9 assemblies)
WHEN & WHERE: Oct. 1765 NYC
WHAT: Congress of delegates that met to protest loss of American rights and liberties which challenged constitutionality of Stamp and Sugar Acts. Declared that only colonists' elected reps. could tax them
WHY: Petitioned for repeal of Stamp Act. Boycotts and compromise instead of confrontation.
Sons of liberty
WHO: colonists
WHEN & WHERE: Aug. 1765 Boston
WHAT: political organization led by middle-class artisans and minor merchants. Demanded resignation of tax collectors following enaction of Stamp Act on Nov. 1 1765
WHY: advance rights of colonists and fight taxation by British gov. (Stamp Act)
Natural rights
WHO: John Locke
WHAT: all people have natural rights not determined by a leader -> life, liberty, and property
WHEN AND WHERE: 1690 - Enlightenment idea and Two Treatise of Government - Locke's publication
WHY: government responsibility: naturally trumps and guides civil laws/rule of monarch. people's responsibility: if gov. not doing job, people can revolt. radical idea that influenced Patriot movement and eventually the Dec. of Ind.
George Grenville
WHO: British Statesman; imperial reformer; Prime minister
WHAT: Currency Act of 1764, Sugar Act of 1764, Stamp Act of 1765
WHEN AND WHERE: Prime minister 1760-1765; worked in Britain Parliament; imposed colonial policies
WHY: Tax American colonies to pay off Seven Years' War. Stamp Act of 1765 caused Stamp Act Congress and Sons of Liberty.
Declaratory Act of 1766
WHO: Earl of Rockingham
WHAT: reaffirmed Parliament's authority to make laws in colonies
WHEN AND WHERE: 1766-1770 imposed in colonies
WHY: Prove that British Parliament still maintained authority after the repeal of the Stamp Act and reduction of Sugar Act.
Townshend Act of 1767
WHO: Parliament
WHAT: initiated have taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea for British expenses
WHEN AND WHERE: June 29 1767-1770 in colonies
WHY: undermine political institutions in colonies and assert British authority. Pay off French and Indian War
Nonimportation movement
WHO: colonists specifically housewives
WHAT: boycott of British goods. made women vital for making domestic products
WHEN AND WHERE: 1765-75 Began in New England and spread South
WHY: Boycott importation of English goods in response to Townshend Acts
Committees of correspondence
WHO: Samuel Adams
WHAT: allowed Patriots to communicate with leaders in other colonies regarding new threats to liberty
WHEN AND WHERE: 1772-6 Boston
WHY: promoted unity and dissemination of info
Tea Act of May 1773
WHO: Parliament
WHAT: provided financial relief for East India Company
WHEN AND WHERE: May 1773 imposed in colonies
WHY: made British tea cheaper than Dutch
Coercive Acts
WHO: Parliament, imposed on colonists
WHAT: closed Boston Harbor to shipping, annulled colony's charter and prohibited town meetings, New Quartering Act, and Justice Act which allowed for trials for capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or Britain. (aka Intolerable Acts)
WHEN AND WHERE: 1774
WHY: pay for lost tea from Boston Tea Party and submit colonists to imperial authority
(First) Continental Congress
WHO: 12 mainland colonies' representatives (not including Florida, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Georgia)
WHAT: Southern delegates advocated for economic boycott, New England suggested political union and defensive military preparations, Middle Atlantic colonies want compromise. WHEN AND WHERE: Sept. 1774 Philadelphia
WHY: Demanded repeal of Coercive Acts and British limitations on trade -> Americans stop importing British goods in Dec. 1774 and if Co. Acts not repealed by Sept. 1775, Congress cuts off all colonial exports to Britain, Ireland, and British West Indies.
Continental Association(1774)
WHO:Delegates from 12 colonies
WHAT: The means by which colonial state representatives could voice their concerns particularly regarding the British.
WHEN AND WHERE: 1774, Philadelphia and its rural committees
WHY: Response to continued British Parliamentary encroachment into American domestic Affairs with Quebec Act (1774).
Minutemen
WHO: American patriots not officially part of the army
WHAT: Irregular riflemen; "Stand at a minutes warning in Case of alarm."
WHEN AND WHERE: Sept 1774, Mass.
WHY: Supplemented American forces locally and with quick notice.
Second Continental Congress (May 1775)
WHO: assembly of delegates from 13 colonies (George Wash., Thomas Jeff., Ben. Franklin, John Hancock, John and Samuel Adams)
WHAT: Continuation of First Cont. Congress, assumed role of national government through war's duration
WHEN AND WHERE: May 1775
WHY: -turning point from colonial grievances in First Continental Congress to war against Britain
-established military force, created its own currency
-passed Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation
Declaration of Independence (1776)
WHO: drafted and adopted by Second Cont. Congress
WHAT: document containing philosophical principles(Enlightenment ideas) and grievances that declared formal separation of colonies from England
WHEN AND WHERE: 4 of July 1776
WHY: -ended attempts to reconcile w/ Britain; birth of nation
-framework for Constitution
Popular sovereignty
WHO: Jefferson
WHAT: ultimate power is in the hands of the people/electorate
WHEN AND WHERE: Included as principle in Dec of Independence
WHY:
Samuel Adams
WHO: leader of Sons of Liberty, Second Cont. Congress, gov. of Mass.
WHAT: urged employment of Committees of Correspondence to keep townspeople alert of activity, moderator of Boston Tea Party
WHEN AND WHERE: Massachusetts, Boston
WHY: support for American independence, opposition to tyranny (esp. Stamp and Townshend Acts)
Thomas Paine
WHO: philosopher, political activist
WHEN & WHERE: 1776
WHAT: published Common Sense which argued for republican gov. and emphasized equality, also condemned hereditary power
WHY: writing style made political antics accessible to common people and garnered support and patriotism for revolutionary cause
Thomas Jefferson
WHO: Democratic Republicans, author of D.o.I., Cont. Congress
WHEN & WHERE: 1775
WHAT: main author of Dec. Of Ind.
WHY: shaped design of Constitution and Bill of Rights
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
WHO: Americans and British
WHEN & WHERE: 1777, Yorktown
WHAT:It was a turning point because the Patriots won and FRANCE provided aid to the US, financially and MILITARILY
WHY: Joint French and American efforts
Valley Forge (1777-1778)
WHO:
WHEN & WHERE: winter of 1777-1778.
WHAT: a military camp in which George Washington's army of 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly, and trained
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