Anatomy Lecture Exam 2

Which type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside of the body?

mucous membrane

Which type of membrane is a dry membrane?

Cutaneous membrane

Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes?

Stratum basale

What is the condition called when a person’s skin turns yellow, indicating a problem with the functioning of the liver?

Jaundice

What is the name of the membrane that encloses the heart?

Pericardium

True or False: The hypodermis is part of the skin

False

Which protein causes cells in the stratum corneum to become hard and flakey?

Keratin

Which layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

The ______ of the skin forms fingerprints.

epidermal ridges

What is polycythemia?

Too many red blood cells in the blood

What are the four types of membranes?

• Serous

• mucous

• cutaneous

• synovial

What membrane lines body cavities that do not have openings to the outer surface?

Serous membranes

What membrane lines the thoracic wall and lungs?

Pleura

What membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity and organs?

peritoneum

What membrane forms the inner lining of synovial joings?

synovial membranes

List the 5 functions of skin

• protection

• prevents dehydration

• regulates body temperature

• contains sensory receptors

  • synthesizes and excretes substances

What are the two layers of skin?

epidermis and dermis

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

epidermis

what tissue type is the epidermis made up of?

stratified squamous epithelium

what is the deep layer of the skin called?

dermis

What are the four tissues that make up the dermis skin layer?

• fibrous connective tissue

• epithelial tissue

• smooth muscle tissue

• nerve tissue

Where is the basement membrane located?

under the epidermis

what is the function of the basement membrane?

it is sticky - attaches epidermis to the dermis

where is the subcutaneous/hypodermis layer located?

under the dermis

what is the subcutaneous/hypodermis layer made of?

• loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying organs

  • areolar and adipose

Does the epidermis have blood supply?

No because it is made up of epithelium

where does the blood supply for the epidermis come from?

the dermis/underlying connective tissue

what cell produces keratin?

keratinocytes

where is thick skin located?

palms of hands and soles of the feet

what is a callus?

thickening of the epidermis due to persistent friction

what is a bed sore?

epidermal cells die/tissues break down when pressure reduces blood flow to areas of the body

where are melanocytes located?

stratum basale

what are merkel cells and meissner’s corpuscles?

sensory receptors for touch

what kind of cells are langerhans cells?

macrophages

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

• stratum corneum

• stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)

• stratum granulosum

• stratum spinosum

• stratum basale

characteristics of stratum corneum

• most superficial layer

• 20-30 cells thick

• sloughs off

characteristics of stratum lucidum

• clear layer

• only in thick skin

characteristics of stratum granulosum

• 3-5 cell layers thick

characteristics of stratum spinosum

• prickly layer

• several cell layers thick

characteristics of stratum basale

• deepest layer

• single row of cells representing the youngest keratinocytes that are rapidly dividing

• this layer contains melanocytes

what does “thin skin” cover?

all of the body except the hands and the feet. does not have the stratum lucidum

Finger like projections of the dermis that project upward into the epidermis

dermal papillae

What does the dermis contain?

• blood supply for the epidermis

• motor and sensory fibers

• hair follicles

• glands

what are stretch marks

extreme stretching of the skin tears the dermis

what is a blister

epidermal and dermal layers separate and form a fluid-filled pocket, caused by burn or friction

transdermal patches

chemical absorbed through the skin

intradermal injections

injected within the skin

subcutaneous injections

given in the subcutaneous layer

intramuscular injections

injected within muscle

what are the three pigments that impact skin color?

• melanin

• carotene

• hemoglobin

where does carotene accumulate?

in the stratum corceum and the fatty tissue of the hypodermis

what color does the carotene pigment produce?

yellow-orange

what color does the melanin pigment produce?

dark brown

what color does the hemoglobin pigment produce?

pinkish hue from red blood cells in the capillaries

what three issues can sun exposure cause?

• leathery skin

• immune system depression

• skin cancer

what 6 homeostatic imbalances can be diagnosed through coloration of the skin?

• cyanosis

• erythema

• pallor

• jaundice

• bronzing

• hematomas

what is cyanosis

hemoglobin in blood is not well oxygenated = blue color

what is erythema

reddened skin

may be due to:

• embarrassment

• fever

• hypertension

• polycythemia

• inflammation

• allergy

what is pallor

white color

may indicate:

• fear

• anger

• emotional stress

• low blood pressure

what is bronzing

bronze color = addison’s disease

what are hematomas

black and blue = bruises, blood has gotten out of the circulation and has clotted under the skin

what are the four accessory organs of the skin

• hair follicles

• sebaceous glands

• nails

• sweat glands

what is the function of hair follicles

protection and warmth

is testosterone secreted in both males and females?

yes

what is the name of the smooth muscle that is attached to the hair follicle?

arrector pili muscle

what happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts

the hair stands up

what hormone stimulates hair growth?

androgens (male sex hormones)

what is hirsutism?

excessive hairness

what causes hirsutism?

excess production of androgens - may be caused by a tumor in the adrenal gland, ovary or other endocrine organs

what do sebaceous glands produce?

sebum

where is the sebum secreted into?

hair follicles

what does sebum help prevent?

dehydration of skin

what is acne?

sebaceous glands become overactive and inflamed

what region of the nail is the region of reproducing cells?

lunula - half moon area at base of nail plate

what is the nail plate?

lies on top of skin

what is the nail bed?

the skin on which the nail plate lies on

what is the function of the sweat glands?

prevent overheating of the body

what is the A rule in the ABCDE rule to identify melanomas?

Asymmetry - the two sides of the pigmented area or mole do not match

what is the B rule in the ABCDE rule to identify melanomas?

Border irregularity - the borders exhibit indentations

what is the C rule in the ABCDE rule to identify melanomas?

Color - the pigmented region contains several colors (black, brown, tan, blue, red)

what is the D rule in the ABCDE rule to identify melanomas?

Diameter - the region is larger than 6 mm in diameter (size of pencil eraser)

what is the E rule in the ABCDE rule to identify melanomas?

Elevation - the area is elevated above the level of skin

explain the characteristics of a first degree burn?

• epidermis is damaged

• sunburn is a 1st degree burn

• heals in 2-3 days

explain the characteristics of a second degree burn?

• epidermis and upper level of dermis are damaged

• blisters appear

• heals within 2-3 weeks

explain the characteristics of a third degree burn?

• epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis destroyed (down to muscle)

• nerve endings destroyed, so burned area is painless

• usually requires skin grafts

what is a major concern of a third degree burn victim?

dehydration

covered in ____ percent third degree burn, survival is unlikely.

80%

what is bone composed of? 5

• bone tissue

• cartilage

• fibrous connective tissue

• blood

• nerve tissue

what are the five functions of bone?

• support

• protection

• movement

• mineral storage

• blood cell formation

what are the six bone classificiations?

• long bones

• short bones

• flat bones

• irregular bones

• sesamoid bones

• wormian bones (sutural bones)

classify long bones

long longitudinal shafts and expanded ends/heads, composed primarily of compact bone

classify short bones

cube-like, more spongy bone than compact

long bone examples

arm and leg bones

short bone examples

bones of wrists and ankles

classify flat bones

usually thin and flattened, with broad surfaces, spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

examples of flat bones

ribs, sternums, scapula, bones of cranium

classify irregular bones

variety of shapes

examples of irregular bones

vertebrae, same of the facial bones

classify sesamoid bones

small bones found within tendons, varies among individuals

example of sesamoid bone

patella