32. Disorders of the penis and prepuce – balanoposthitis, priapism, urethral prolapse

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31 Terms

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What is balanoposthitis?

Inflammation of the penis and prepuce

2
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What are some potential consequences of balanoposthitis?

Stenosis of the preputial orifice, adhesions of the penis, pain

3
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In which age group of dogs is balanoposthitis sometimes seen due to an immature immune system?

Young dogs close to puberty

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What are some infectious causes of balanoposthitis?

Herpesvirus, calicivirus, ascending or descending bacterial infections

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What are some non-infectious causes of balanoposthitis?

Trauma, licking/self-mutilation

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What are the clinical signs of balanoposthitis?

Red mucous membranes, green or yellow discharge, painful urination (dripping)

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How is balanoposthitis diagnosed?

Presence of discharge, bacterial swab, cytology

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What are the treatment options for balanoposthitis?

E-collar, flushing the prepuce with warm saline/antiseptic, enlarging the preputial opening, antibiotics, sexual rest

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What is priapism?

A persistent erection lasting more than 4 hours without sexual stimulation and not due to hormones

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Is priapism more common in younger or older dogs?

Older dogs

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What are some neurological disorders that can cause priapism?

(Not specified in the text)

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What are some vascular causes of priapism?

Veno-occlusion due to thrombus, neoplasia, or trauma

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What medications can cause priapism?

Phenothiazine tranquillisers, general anaesthesia

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What other systemic disease is listed as a potential cause of priapism?

Diabetes

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What are the two main types of priapism?

Non-ischaemic (arterial, high flow) and ischaemic (veno-occlusive, low flow)

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What are the clinical signs of priapism?

Dysuria, stranguria, haematoma, necrosis

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How is priapism diagnosed?

History (drug use), blood tests (metabolic disease, neoplasia, coagulation), urinalysis, X-ray, USG

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What are some treatment options for priapism?

Flushing with heparinized saline, infusion with sympathomimetic drugs (phenylephrine), amputation and urethrostomy if severe

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Is castration an effective treatment for priapism?

No, it is not hormonally mediated

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How does the hormonal basis of priapism differ from paraphimosis?

Priapism is not hormonal, while paraphimosis is testosterone-mediated and related to sexual stimulation

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What is urethral prolapse?

The inner lining of the urethra protruding through the urethral opening and becoming oedematous

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What are some potential causes of urethral prolapse?

Urethritis, sexual arousal, or masturbation

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In which age group and breed is urethral prolapse most common?

Dogs less than 5 months old, especially English bulldogs

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What are the clinical signs of urethral prolapse?

Pea-sized red or purple mass at the end of the penis, difficulty urinating, licking, pollakiuria

<p>Pea-sized red or purple mass at the end of the penis, difficulty urinating, licking, pollakiuria</p>
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How is urethral prolapse diagnosed?

Physical examination (intermittent blood drops from the penis tip, visible prolapse)

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What are the treatment options for urethral prolapse?

E-collar, sexual rest, tranquillisers, resection of the prolapse or manual reduction with catheterisation and suturing of the urethra to the penis shaft if bleeding or pain is significant

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What is pollakiuria?

Abnormally frequent urination.

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What is stranguria?

Slow and painful urination.

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What is dysuria?

Difficult or painful urination.

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What is haematoma in the context of priapism?

A collection of blood within the tissues of the penis.

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What is necrosis in the context of priapism?

Tissue death due to prolonged lack of blood flow.