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Vapor Recovery Nozzle
Captures hydrocarbon VOCs from gasoline fumes during refueling
Catalytic converter
Filters out nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and gasoline particles
Crushed limestone
Reduces SO2 from coal power plants by mixing with coal before burning
Fluidized bed combustion
Filters out sulfur dioxide by pumping in oxygen to make combustion more efficient
Scrubbers
Treat power plant emissions with chemicals to filter out NOx, SO2, and VOCs (and PM in wet scrubbers)
Electrostatic precipitator
Filters out particulate matter by charging and collecting particles
Fabric (baghouse) filters
Filters out particulate matter
Thermal inversion
Layer of warm air overriding cool air, reducing dispersion of pollutants and causing poor air quality
Sulfur dioxide natural source
volcanic eruptions
Sulfur dioxide antrhopogenic source
coal combustion
Nitrogen oxide natural source
forest fires and lightning
Nitrogen oxide anthropogenic source
combusion of oil
PM natural source
forest fires, volcanic eruptions, dust storms
PM anthropogenic souce
oil/coal combusion
Carbon dioxide natural source
decomposition, respiration, volcanic eruptions, forest fires
Carbon dioxide anthropogenic source
combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation
Carbon monoxide sources
combustion of oil and natural gas
Ozone natural source
reaction of oxygen and sunlight in the stratosphere
Ozone anthropogenic source
reaction of VOCs, nitrogen/sulfur oxides, and sunlight in the troposphereS
Smog sources
Anthropogenic: reaction of sunlight with VOCs and nitrogen/sulfur oxides
Ways to reduce air pollutants
Use fewer resources, energy more efficiently, and utilize pollution control measures
Clean Air Act
Identifies and regulates federally controlled air pollutants to maintain low concentrations
Primary pollutants
Emit directly into the air from a smoke stack or tailpipe
Secondary pollutants
Created by a reaction between primary pollutants and sunlight or water
Photochemical smog causes
Urban areas have more smog due to increased traffic, hotter temperatures, more VOCs, and electricity demand
Photochemical smog effects
Reduces sunlight, damages plant stomata, worsens respiratory conditions, increases healthcare costs, and decreases agricultural yields
Acid deposition causes
Reaction of primary pollutants (NOx and SO2) with water in the atmosphere
Acid deposition effects
Soil/water acidification and leaching of metals out of soil and sediment
Environmental impacts of acid rain
Carried away by prevailing winds, degrades habitats downwind
Noise pollution impacts
Disrupts animal communication, predator-prey dynamics, migration paths, and organisms using sonar
Radon source
granite bedrock
Mercury source
burning coal
Lead source
burning oil or coal
Arsenic source
burning coal
Radon health impact
lung cancer
VOCs health impact
resp. irr.
Lead health impacts
neurotoxin (esp in children)