Genetics Lab Final

What does Bioinformatics mean?

The application of computational tools to genomic and biological data

What does BLAST stand for?

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

What is the input in BLAST?

The Query sequence

What is the sequence we compare our input to?

The reference sequence

The reference sequence comes from

A genomic database

What does Blast n look at?

Nucleotide sequences from the DNA

What does Blast p look at?

The protein sequence of amino acids

What do we use for sequence alignment in blast?

The Global Align Tool

What does the global align tool do?

Show the two sequences aligned

What does the CD Search tool do?

Allows you to enter a protein sequence and use the database to find sequence motifs

What type of cells is mitosis active in?

Somatic cells

Mitosis occurs after

Duplication, in the S phase

Mitosis occurs during the

M phase

Mitosis produces cells of

2n ploidy- diploid

G1 and G2 are

Growth phases, occurring before and after S phase

S phase is

Synthesis, when cells replicate their DNA

Meiosis produces

Gametic cells- sperm and egg

Cells produced through meiosis have

Ploidy n- haploid

Crossing over can occur only in

Meiosis

Oogenesis occurs in

The ovaries

Spermatogenesis occurs in

The testes

How many gametes are made in oogenesis?

One, as a result of uneven divisionH

Does oogenesis ever end?

Yes, late in the females lifeD

Does oogenesis have interruptions?

Yes, for long periods of time

Does oogenesis show equal division of the cytoplasm?

No, the cytoplasm splits unevenly

How many mature gametes are produced in spermatogenesis?

Four

Does spermatogenesis ever end?

No, it occurs throughout the males entire life

Does spermatogenesis have interrruptions?

No, it does not have any extended interruptions

Where does most of the cytoplasm end up following oogenesis?

In the secondary oocyte and the ootid

The secondary oocyte comes from

Meiosis I

The ootid comes from

Meisosis II

What makes for a good model organism?

Short life span, easy to breed, easy to control, inexpensive

What are the characteristics of a female drosophila?

Larger overall, pointier caudal end

What are the characteristics of a male drisophila?

Darker caudal end, sex combs

Wild type characteristics of drosophila

Round red eyes, yellow body, black rings around abdomen, normal wings

Wild type image

Dumpy drosophila phenotype

Abnormal wing morphology

Dumpy phenotype image

Vestigial drosophila phenotype

Crumpled wings

Vestigial drosophila image

Bar drosophila phenotype

Abnormal eye morphologyB

Bar drosophila image

Ebony drosophila phenotype

Dark/black body

Ebony drosophila image

Sepia drosophila phenotype

Brownish eyesS

Sepia drosophila image

Antennapedia drosophila phenotype

Legs form where the antennae should be

Antennapedia drosophila image

White drosophila phenotype

White eyes

White drosophila image

What is meant by gene mapping?

Based on the analysis of crossing-over events we can estimate the distance between loci

What is our model organism for gene mapping?

Sordaria

Sordaria produce 8 gamete

Ascospores

When no crossing over occurs, we see phenotype

Of 4 black and 4 brown/orange in a row

8 haploid ascospores exist in one

Ascus (pl. asci)

Roughly 20 asci form one

Perithecium

The phenotype in which no crossing over has occurred is known as

Parent type, First division

When crossing over has occurred, we call this phenotype

Second division

First division segregants are

Non-recombinants

Second division segregants are

Recombinants

Why are recombinants called second-division segregants?

Because the alleles don't segregate until after the second division

Why are non-recombinants called first division segregants?

Because the chromosomes with different alleles separated during the first meiotic division

Linkage is a notable exception to

Independent assortment

Traits physically closer together are

More likely to cross over together

Linked genes are closer,

And are less likely to cross over without one another

Chi squared=

sum of [(obs-ex)^2/ex]

The distance between two loci is calculated by

1/2 * (second division)/(first division + second division)

Once we have determined the distance, we

Multiple by 100, converting to map units

Why do we multiply by 1/2 when calculating distance?

Because crossing over only occurs at 50% of chromosomes

What does a low chi squared value indicate in linkage?

You accept the hypothesis, and find that it is unlikely that the alleles are linkedW

What does a high chi squared value indicate in linkage?

You reject the hypothesis, and it is likely that the alleles are linked to one another

Hardy-Weinberg allows us to calculate

Whether or not evolution is occuring

Evolution is shown in ________, not in _________

Species, individuals

Gene pool frequencies are stable,

But all species should evolve overtime

What is the first assumption made for Hardy-Weinberg to be used?

No random mutations are occuring

What is the second assumption made for Hardy-Weinberg to be used?

No natural selection is occuring

What is the third assumption made for Hardy-Weinberg to be used?

The population is infinitely large

What is the fourth assumption made for Hardy-Weinberg to be used?

Mating is 100% random in the species

What is the fifth assumption made for Hardy-Weinberg to be used?

No individuals are emigrating or immigrating

Why is it important for a population to follow Hardy-Weinbergs five assumptions?

As if any of those are false, they can drive evolution.

What is P in Hardy-Weinberg?

The Dominant allele

P=

AA + (1/2)Aa

What is Q in Hardy-Weinberg?

The recessive allele

Q=

aa + (1/2) Aa

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation is

(P)^2 + 2(PQ) + (Q)^2

P^2 represents

Homozygous dominant

2PQ represents

Heterozygous

Q^2 represents

Homozygous recessive

Mitosis results in

Two identical diploid cells, with ploidy 2n

What occurs in mitotic interphase?

the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA

What occurs in mitotic prophase?

Chromatin condenses and the two sister chromatids are seen, attached to early mitotic spindles

What occurs in mitotic prometaphase?

The nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores attach to the sister chromatids

What occurs in mitotic metaphase?

The cell's chromosomes aline along the center of the cell

What occurs in mitotic telophase and cytokinesis?

The cleavage furrow divides the cell into two seperate cells

When is DNA Duplicated?

During the S phase

What happens after S phase?

G2 phase

What is G2 phase?

A growth phase in which the replicated DNA grows to regular size

What happens after G2 phase?

M phase

What happens in M phase?

Mitosis

What comes after M phase?

G1 phase