Studied by 3 peoplePopulation
a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species occupying the same locality at \n the same time
Age class
distinct stage in life-cycle of an organism
Community
all the populations in a geographic area
Niche
all of a species activities & interactions
Carrying capacity
number of individuals of that species that can be supported by a habitat
Life table
table with species density & age data on it
how are life tables useful?
Generate survivorship curves (Survivorship curves = number of survivors vs age class)
Territoriality
Find a good resource rich area & defend it from others of the same species
Competition
Resource is in such short supply that you try to control access to it, even from other species (as well as your own)
Competitive exclusion principle
2 species that use the same resources can’t coexist indefinitely (i.e. one goes extinct)
Resource partitioning
when 2 (or more) species in the same habitat use the same resource, they divide up how they access it
Predator
kills & eats another animal for food
Prey
some animal that is eaten by another animal
What methods can prey use to avoid predators
Physical/Chemical, Behavioral, Escape in time/Predator satiation, Escape in space
How can preys physically avoid predators
Spines, claws, bony plates, Camouflage, Mimicry, Flash Patterns, Confusing Patterns
How can preys use mimicry to avoid predators
look like someone who is dangerous, but you aren’t (form of camouflage)
How can preys use warning coloration to avoid predators
universal colors that warn predators that you are dangerous
How can preys chemically avoid predators
Poison (eaten) or venom (injectable), Noxious chemicals to repel predator or make yourself taste bad
How can preys Behaviorally avoid predators
Herding/Schooling, Faking injury to protect nest/young
Parasitism? How is the host affected by the parasite
Host is harmed, Organism is benefited
Mutalism? How is the host affected by the symbiont
Host is benefited, Organism is benefited
Commenalism? How is the host affected by the symbiont
Host is unaffected, Organism is benefited
Producers
convert solar energy to chemical energy
Herbivores
eat the producers
Carnivores
eat the herbivores
How many levels of carnivores are there
3
Decomposers
breakdown the dead & waste products
Keystone species
A species whose presence (or lack thereof) drastically alters the nature of the habitat
Island effect
If have a species from the mainland end up on an island it tends to shrink
Island pattern
Larger islands have more resources = more species & Islands closer to continents (or other large land masses) have more frequent new species show up
Succession
change in the structure of a community of different species, or ecosystem, over time
Primary succession (r-selected species)
After an extinction event some species are adapted to moving in first
Secondary succession (k-selected species)
After the primary colonizers move in a series of successive populations replace them
Carrying capacity
maximum number of species that a habitat is capable of supporting at one time
are primary or secondary colonizers more likely to use chemical defenses
Mostly secondary colonizers, very few primary
(primary or secondary) _____ colonizers are known as k selected
secondary
(primary or secondary) _____ colonizers are known as r selected
primary
What are some common traits for primary succession species
Tend to focus on reproduction first & spreading young far & wide, Very few have chemical defenses, Very few provide parental care, Most have LOTS of kids
What are some common traits for secondary successions species
Tend to have fewer kids but provide for their kids, Many have chemical defenses, Many provide parental care, Slower developing & growing, Much better at competition
What is biodiversity
variation and richness of living organisms at a particular scale
Why is biodiversity important
We can’t live in isolation, need a variety of organisms to eat/help us & they need a variety of organisms to help them & Medicine
what does the status “Vulnerable“ mean?
could become threatened with extinction
what does the status “Threatened“ mean?
probable to become endangered with extinction
what does the status “Endangered“ mean?
likely to go extinct in all or part of their habitat
what does the status “Conservation dependent“ mean?
only survives because of conservation efforts
what does the status “Extinct in the wild“ mean?
only captive populations left
what does the status “Extinct“ mean?
either gone, or functionally gone (not a viable number left)
What are some of the threats to species today
Climate change, Acidification of waterways, Habitat destruction, Over harvesting, Isolation → inbreeding, Invasive species
What is an indicator species
a species that is especially vulnerable to environmental fluctuations
What is an umbrella species
a species with a huge range where protecting it would also protect lots of other species
(Monocot or eudicot) Vascular tissue in a circle
monocot
(Monocot or eudicot) Inside of the vascular tissue is called the pith
monocot
(Monocot or eudicot) Outside the vascular tissue is the cortex
monocot
(Monocot or eudicot) 1 cotyledon per seed
monocot
(Monocot or eudicot) Vascular tissue in a “X” shape at the center of the root
eudicot
(Monocot or eudicot) No pith
eudicot
(Monocot or eudicot) Outside the vascular tissue is the cortex
eudicot
(Monocot or eudicot) 2 cotyledons per seed
eudicot
(Monocot or eudicot) Stomata on both sides of the leaf
monocot
(Monocot or eudicot) Vascular bundle is scattered/diffuse in the stem
monocot
(Monocot or eudicot) Stomata on just the underside of the lead
eudicot
(Monocot or eudicot)
Vascular bundle is in a ring in the stem
Pressure flow theory
The sugar concentration rises in the sieve cell and disperses into neighboring sieve tube members. Then food (sugars) moves down the stem in the phloem
Cohesion tension theory
The transportation from the leaves creates a vacuum of water in the leaf. Water then moves up the stem in the xylem to the leaf
What is a tissue
a group of cells working together for the same purpose
What are the 4 tissue groupings used in animals
Epithelial, Nervous, Muscular, Connective
Briefly describe the function(s) for Epithelial tissue
simplest as a protective covering
Briefly describe the function(s) for Nervous tissue
contains densely packed nerve cells, called neurons, is present in the brain, spinal cord and sense organs
Briefly describe the function(s) for Muscular tissue
Locomotion and movements are due to muscular tissues contain highly contractile muscle cells
Briefly describe the function(s) for Connective tissue
serve the functions of binding and joining one tissue to another (i.e. connecting bones to each other, muscles to bones etc.)
What is an organ
a group of tissues working together
What is an organ system
a group of organs working together to complete 1 or more function
Give the primary function(s) for the Muscular system
Moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support
Give the primary function(s) for the Urinary/Excretory system
Removes wastes from blood; regulates concentration of body fluids
Give the primary function(s) for the Respiratory system
Moves air into and out of the lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs
Give the primary function(s) for the Digestive system
Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food, removes wastes, maintains water and chemical balances
Give the primary function(s) for the Endocrine system
Regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction, maintains homeostasis, regulates other organ systems
Give the primary function(s) for the Reproductive system
Produces gametes and offspring
Give the primary function(s) for the Skeletal system
Protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles, produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Give the primary function(s) for the Lymphatic system
Defends against pathogens and disease
Give the primary function(s) for the Integumentary system
Protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature
Give the primary function(s) for the Nervous system
Regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions
Give the primary function(s) for the Circulatory system
Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gasses
What is the first step/stage in the urinary system
kidney
What is the second step/stage in the urinary system
ureter
What is the third step/stage in the urinary system
bladder
What is the fourth step/stage in the urinary system
urethra
What is the first step/stage in the nephron pathway
Glomerulus
What is the second step/stage in the nephron pathway
bowman’s capsule
What is the third step/stage in the nephron pathway
proximal convoluted tubule
What is the fourth step/stage in the nephron pathway
loop of henle
What is the fifth step/stage in the nephron pathway
distal convoluted tubule
What is the sixth step/stage in the nephron pathway
collecting dust
(lipid or water soluble) Move in the blood using transport proteins
Lipid Soluble
(lipid or water soluble) Directly enter cells & turn on genes
Lipid Soluble
(lipid or water soluble) Move freely in the blood
Water Soluble
(lipid or water soluble) Bind to receptors in the cell membrane to turn on proteins in the cell
Water Soluble
What are the 5 parts/stages to a digestive system
Mechanical processing & motility, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
(complete or incomplete) digestive system has two openings for good to enter and waste to leave
complete
(complete or incomplete) digestive system has only one opening
incomplete
Note
Flashcard