BIO 102 - Final Exam

Population

a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species occupying the same locality at \n the same time

Age class

distinct stage in life-cycle of an organism

Community

all the populations in a geographic area

Niche

all of a species activities & interactions

Carrying capacity

number of individuals of that species that can be supported by a habitat

Life table

table with species density & age data on it

how are life tables useful?

Generate survivorship curves (Survivorship curves = number of survivors vs age class)

Territoriality

Find a good resource rich area & defend it from others of the same species

Competition

Resource is in such short supply that you try to control access to it, even from other species (as well as your own)

Competitive exclusion principle

2 species that use the same resources can’t coexist indefinitely (i.e. one goes extinct)

Resource partitioning

when 2 (or more) species in the same habitat use the same resource, they divide up how they access it

Predator

kills & eats another animal for food

Prey

some animal that is eaten by another animal

What methods can prey use to avoid predators

Physical/Chemical, Behavioral, Escape in time/Predator satiation, Escape in space

How can preys physically avoid predators

Spines, claws, bony plates, Camouflage, Mimicry, Flash Patterns, Confusing Patterns

How can preys use mimicry to avoid predators

look like someone who is dangerous, but you aren’t (form of camouflage)

How can preys use warning coloration to avoid predators

universal colors that warn predators that you are dangerous

How can preys chemically avoid predators

Poison (eaten) or venom (injectable), Noxious chemicals to repel predator or make yourself taste bad

How can preys Behaviorally avoid predators

Herding/Schooling, Faking injury to protect nest/young

Parasitism? How is the host affected by the parasite

Host is harmed, Organism is benefited

Mutalism? How is the host affected by the symbiont

Host is benefited, Organism is benefited

Commenalism? How is the host affected by the symbiont

Host is unaffected, Organism is benefited

Producers

 convert solar energy to chemical energy

Herbivores

eat the producers

Carnivores

eat the herbivores

How many levels of carnivores are there

3

Decomposers

breakdown the dead & waste products

Keystone species

A species whose presence (or lack thereof) drastically alters the nature of the habitat

Island effect

If have a species from the mainland end up on an island it tends to shrink

Island pattern

Larger islands have more resources = more species & Islands closer to continents (or other large land masses) have more frequent new species show up

Succession

change in the structure of a community of different species, or ecosystem, over time

Primary succession (r-selected species)

After an extinction event some species are adapted to moving in first

Secondary succession (k-selected species)

After the primary colonizers move in a series of successive populations replace them

Carrying capacity

maximum number of species that a habitat is capable of supporting at one time

are primary or secondary colonizers more likely to use chemical defenses

Mostly secondary colonizers, very few primary

(primary or secondary) _____ colonizers are known as k selected

secondary

(primary or secondary) _____ colonizers are known as r selected

primary

What are some common traits for primary succession species

Tend to focus on reproduction first & spreading young far & wide, Very few have chemical defenses, Very few provide parental care, Most have LOTS of kids

What are some common traits for secondary successions species

Tend to have fewer kids but provide for their kids, Many have chemical defenses, Many provide parental care, Slower developing & growing, Much better at competition

What is biodiversity

variation and richness of living organisms at a particular scale

Why is biodiversity important

We can’t live in isolation, need a variety of organisms to eat/help us & they need a variety of organisms to help them & Medicine

what does the status “Vulnerable“ mean?

could become threatened with extinction

what does the status “Threatened“ mean?

probable to become endangered with extinction

what does the status “Endangered“ mean?

likely to go extinct in all or part of their habitat

what does the status “Conservation dependent“ mean?

only survives because of conservation efforts

what does the status “Extinct in the wild“ mean?

only captive populations left

what does the status “Extinct“ mean?

either gone, or functionally gone (not a viable number left)

What are some of the threats to species today

Climate change, Acidification of waterways, Habitat destruction, Over harvesting, Isolation → inbreeding, Invasive species

What is an indicator species

a species that is especially vulnerable to environmental fluctuations

What is an umbrella species

a species with a huge range where protecting it would also protect lots of other species

(Monocot or eudicot) Vascular tissue in a circle

monocot

(Monocot or eudicot) Inside of the vascular tissue is called the pith

monocot

(Monocot or eudicot) Outside the vascular tissue is the cortex

monocot

(Monocot or eudicot) 1 cotyledon per seed

monocot

(Monocot or eudicot) Vascular tissue in a “X” shape at the center of the root

eudicot

(Monocot or eudicot) No pith

eudicot

(Monocot or eudicot) Outside the vascular tissue is the cortex

eudicot

(Monocot or eudicot) 2 cotyledons per seed

eudicot

(Monocot or eudicot) Stomata on both sides of the leaf

monocot

(Monocot or eudicot) Vascular bundle is scattered/diffuse in the stem

monocot

(Monocot or eudicot) Stomata on just the underside of the lead

eudicot

(Monocot or eudicot)

Vascular bundle is in a ring in the stem

Pressure flow theory

The sugar concentration rises in the sieve cell and disperses into neighboring sieve tube members. Then food (sugars) moves down the stem in the phloem

Cohesion tension theory

The transportation from the leaves creates a vacuum of water in the leaf. Water then moves up the stem in the xylem to the leaf

What is a tissue

a group of cells working together for the same purpose

What are the 4 tissue groupings used in animals

Epithelial, Nervous, Muscular, Connective

Briefly describe the function(s) for Epithelial tissue

simplest as a protective covering

Briefly describe the function(s) for Nervous tissue

contains densely packed nerve cells, called neurons, is present in the brain, spinal cord and sense organs

Briefly describe the function(s) for Muscular tissue

Locomotion and movements are due to muscular tissues contain highly contractile muscle cells

Briefly describe the function(s) for Connective tissue

serve the functions of binding and joining one tissue to another (i.e. connecting bones to each other, muscles to bones etc.)

What is an organ

a group of tissues working together

What is an organ system

a group of organs working together to complete 1 or more function

Give the primary function(s) for the Muscular system

Moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support

Give the primary function(s) for the Urinary/Excretory system

Removes wastes from blood; regulates concentration of body fluids

Give the primary function(s) for the Respiratory system

Moves air into and out of the lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

Give the primary function(s) for the Digestive system

Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food, removes wastes, maintains water and chemical balances

Give the primary function(s) for the Endocrine system

Regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction, maintains homeostasis, regulates other organ systems

Give the primary function(s) for the Reproductive system

Produces gametes and offspring

Give the primary function(s) for the Skeletal system

Protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles, produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Give the primary function(s) for the Lymphatic system

Defends against pathogens and disease

Give the primary function(s) for the Integumentary system

Protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature

Give the primary function(s) for the Nervous system

Regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions

Give the primary function(s) for the Circulatory system

Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gasses

What is the first step/stage in the urinary system

kidney

What is the second step/stage in the urinary system

ureter

What is the third step/stage in the urinary system

bladder

What is the fourth step/stage in the urinary system

urethra

What is the first step/stage in the nephron pathway

Glomerulus

What is the second step/stage in the nephron pathway

bowman’s capsule

What is the third step/stage in the nephron pathway

proximal convoluted tubule

What is the fourth step/stage in the nephron pathway

loop of henle

What is the fifth step/stage in the nephron pathway

distal convoluted tubule

What is the sixth step/stage in the nephron pathway

collecting dust

(lipid or water soluble) Move in the blood using transport proteins

Lipid Soluble

(lipid or water soluble) Directly enter cells & turn on genes

Lipid Soluble

(lipid or water soluble) Move freely in the blood

Water Soluble

(lipid or water soluble) Bind to receptors in the cell membrane to turn on proteins in the cell

Water Soluble

What are the 5 parts/stages to a digestive system

Mechanical processing & motility, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination

(complete or incomplete) digestive system has two openings for good to enter and waste to leave

complete

(complete or incomplete) digestive system has only one opening

incomplete