Comparative Models in Policing

Flashcards about Comparative Models in Policing Lecture Notes

What is Globalization?

A phenomenon by which regional economies, societies, culture, information, ideas, and authority are integrated by a global network through communication, transportation, and trade.

What is the Alertness to Crime Theory?

As a nation develops, people are more likely to report crimes and demand more response from authorities.

What is the Economic or Migration Theory?

Crime is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas, such as ghettos and slums.

What is the Demographic Theory?

Delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis due to a greater number of children being born.

What is the Continental Theory of police service?

Police officers are servants of higher authorities, common in countries like France, Italy, and Spain.

What is the Old concept of police service?

The yardstick of police efficiency relies on the number of arrests made.

What is Police?

A body of civil authority tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce the law, protect lives and properties, and ensure public safety.

What is Policing?

The activities carried out by police officers to preserve law and order.

What are Comparative Models of Policing?

The science and art of investigating and comparing the police systems of nations.

What is the Comparative Police System?

Discover insights in the field of international policing by outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another.

What are the practical reasons we should compare systems of an issue in criminal justice?

To benefit from the experience of others, to broaden our understanding of different cultures and approaches to problems, and to help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world today.

What is the goal of comparing theories and practices in law enforcement?

Test whether the theory and practice in policing needs modernization to meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting.

What is Alertness to Crime Theory?

People’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more effective at solving crime problems.

What is Opportunity theory?

Along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

What is Theory of anomie and synomie?

Progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

What is the Home rule police service?

Police officers are servants of the community or the people, common in England and the United States.

What is the Modern Police Service?

The yardstick of police efficiency relies on the absence/ prevention of crime.

What is Globalization?

A package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information, ideas, and authority.

What is transnational policing?

The cooperation among police organizations in the world is vital.

What is Facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.

There is a need for transnational policing

What is Terrorism?

The use of violence to create overwhelming fear for coercive purposes.

What is Money Laundering?

Assets derived from illegal activities are manipulated to appear legitimate.

What is Drug Trafficking?

Illegal movement across one or more national frontiers of psychoactive substances.

What are Cybercrimes?

Crimes that involve an information and communication technology (ICT) network.

What is Trafficking in Persons?

The exploitation of vulnerable people for purposes of sex, labor, and organ harvest by organized criminal groups.

What are Common Law Systems

System based on court decisions rather than codes or statutes.

What are Civil Law Systems

Centers around a comprehensive code of statutes

What is Socialist law or Soviet law?

Procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender with modifications and additions from Marxist–Leninist ideology.

What is Islamic System

Based more on a concept of a natural justice customary law or tribal traditions.

Which country is an example of a Continental Police System?

France

Which country is considered 'no crime'?

Swiss

Police force of a certain country is organized as a single force under a single commander.

Single model

Multiple police forces in a country.

Fragmented Police System

System marked by the national and local governments cooperating and sharing in the responsibility for establishing a police service.

Combined police system

What is organization of police?

Police is organized primarily rooted on the socio-cultural and historic background of the country.

In UK tradition of parliamentary democracy, policing works on the principle of consent by the population.

Home rule.

Fragmented Police System in the United States of America

Federal nature of the political system and local communities asserting their right to home rule.

If the polices forces have well defined territories of functioning and their functions do not overlap each other

Multiple coordinated,

Decentralized police

Independent from one state to another federal government

What is Simply means only one police force that is operating in a certain country

One police force - country centralized police.

What is Serious Crime

Maximum deprivation of liberty of at least four years or a more serious penalty

What is Organized criminal group

Three or more persons. acting with the aim of committing serious crimes to obtain a financial or other material benefit

What is Transnational Crime

Crime that involves border crossing as an essential part of the criminal activity. (more than 1 country)

What are Transnational Crimes?

Crimes criminalized by laws of more than one country

What are International Crimes

Crimes prohibited by international laws, norms, treaties and customs.

What is Terrorism?

violent act or threat thereof is used for the prime objective of creating overwhelming fear

What is Trafficking in Persons

Exploitation of vulnerable people for purposes of sex, labor, and organ harvest by organized criminal groups.

What is Money laudering?

Cash assets, which are derived from illegal activities are manipulated

What is Drug Trafficking

Illegal movement across one or more national frontiers of psychoactive substances.

What are cybercrimes?

Crimes that involve an information and communication technology (ICT) network.

What is a pure cybercrimes'

Primary target is the ICT network itself such as malware attacks and hacking.

Define Terrorism

designed to bring about a political change

What are Terrorists?

One who does all acts of terrorism

What is Criminal terrorism

The systematic use of terror for material gain.

What is Apolitical Terrorism

Employment of force in a terroristic manner but for non-political ends.

What is Mystical Terrorism

Use of lethal force against symbolic victims to influence or invoke supernatural powers.

Active Cadre

The smallest group, is at the top, and responsible for the command.

What are Active Supporters

Are the people who keep the terrorists in the field. They maintain communication channels

What are the Cells

The network of terrorist recruitment andtraining has sites throughout the world.

What is Drug Trafficking

Global black market activity consisting of production, distribution, packaging and psychoactive substances.

Where does Drugs That Originates from the Golden Crescent come from?

Afghanistan; Pakistan; Iran & India

What countries are Drug Traffic Routes in thr Golden Triangle?

Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Thailand

What countries are Drug Traffic Routes in the Silver Triangle?

Peru; Bolivia and Colombia

What is Hierarchical Arrangement Distribution

Manufacturer to use his own men to smuggle, wholesale, store, and distribute the drugs.

What is Hub-and-Spoke-Layout Distribution

Taking advantage of local gangs and other localized criminal organizations

Mule

A lower criminal recruited by a smuggling organization to cross a border carrying drugs

What is The Dangerous Drug Board

Policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control.

Demand Reduction

Implementation of preventive education and public information campaigns to increase awareness of the ill effects of prohibited drugs.

What is Supply Reduction

Reduces the supply side/segment of illegal drugs to the barest minimum level possible.

What is Inter-Agency Cooperation

Promote anti-drug related activities among tasked government agencies in close coordination with the PDEA

What is International Cooperation?

Plug and minimize the drug traffic to and from the Philippines

What is Money Laundering?

Procedures to change, obscure or conceal the beneficial ownership

What is Money Laundering

Illegal source of unlawful application of illicit gains

What is Layering

Separate illicit proceeds from their source by creating complex layers of financial transactions designed to disguise the source of money subvert the audit trail and provide anonymity.

What is Placement

The physical disposal of cash proceeds derived from the unlawful activity.

What is Integration?

The final stage in the process at which the money is integrated into legitimate economic and financial systems

What is a Money Laundering Offense

A crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity (predicate crime) are transacted, thereby making them appear to have originated from legitimate sources.

What is Trafficking in Persons?

Threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud or deception for the purpose of exploitation

Concept of Trafficking action?

The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons

Commonly Identified Form of Human Trafficking

sexual exploitation, forced labor, domestic servitude and forced marriage organ removal

What is Cybercrime?

Commission of criminal acts using the instruments of modern technology such as computers and the internet.

What is Cyber theft

Use of cyberspace to either distribute illegal goods or services or to defraud people for quick profits

What is Cyber vandalism

Use of cyberspace for revenge, destruction, and to achieve a malicious intent Worms, viruses, cyber-stalking cyber-bullying.

What is Cyber terrorism?

effort by covert forces to disrupt intersection

Establish a shared database to concerned agencies

Transnational Crime (PCTC)

What does Strong Regional Coordination (PCTC) do?

Established to conduct regional cooperation

PCTC

in drafting the main text of the UN Convention against Transnational Crime

What Capacity Building does PCTC do with Local Government Units?

Conduct simulation exercises to assist local government units in the country in coping with

What is National Cooperation (PCTC))

Formulating proposed legislation.

What is The ASEAN Chiefs of Police Conference

To enhance collaboration among national police forces of ASEAN member states.

What is Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty

Legal cooperation in criminal matters, including evidence sharing

What is Information Exchange Platforms

Enhance real-time information sharing among law enforcement agencies

What is Capacity Building and Training

Strengthen the skills of law enforcement personnel

What is Public Awareness and Community Engagement

Engage the public in crime prevention

What is International Cooperation.

Collaborate with partners and international organizations crime.

What is Negotiation and Drafting

Countries negotiate the terms of the treaty

What is Signature and Ratification

Each country’s legislative body ratifies

What is Monitoring and Evaluation

Periodic review meetings between to improve the treaty’s.

What is UN General Assembly

Multilateral discussion of the full spectrum

What is UN Security Council?

Most powerful and holds the council