Ch 24

Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was

the sale of indulgences

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was

Martin Luther

The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the 16th century because of the

need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica

Which one of the following was not one of Luther's problems with the Roman Catholic church?

the church's decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages

Who said "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other."?

Martin Luther

In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying force for all of Europe was

the Catholic church

Henry VIII's reformation in England

was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation

The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was

Henry's desire to gain a divorce

The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion was

Calvin

The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was

Geneva

Which one of the following not one of the pillars of the Catholic Reformation?

the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

The Council that helped define and advance the Catholic Reformation took place in

Trent

The Council of Trent

took steps to reform the Catholic church

Ignatius Loyola was instrumental in

creating the Society of Jesus

The explosion of witch-hunting in the 16th century was most probably caused by

tensions between Catholics and Protestants

Ninety-five percent of the condemned witches were

women

The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was

Philip II

The leader of England during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was

Elizabeth I

The religious struggle in the Dutch provinces finally resulted in

a geographic split between the Protestant north and Catholic south

The most destructive European conflict between the 20th century was

the Thirty Years' War

Which of the these states did not become a powerful sovereign state during the centuries after 1500?

Holy Roman Empire

Charles V was the

leader who tried, but failed, to centralize authority in the Holy Roman Empire

Which of the following factors was not one the reasons for the Charles V's failure to build a centralized, sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire?

frequent invasions by England

The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by

Fernando and Isabel

Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the 17th century?

England and the Netherlands

The English Civil War ended with the trial and decapitation of

Charles I

The bloodless change of power in 1688-1689 that ensured representative, constitutional government in England was known as

the Glorious Revolution

The architect of absolutism was in France

Cardinal Richelieu

The individual associated with the phrase "I'etat, c'est moi" was

Louis XIV

Which of the following was not one of the policies pursued by Louis XIV?

an attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government

Versailles was the magnificent royal palace of

Louis XIV

Which of the following was not a part of Peter the Great's policy of westernization?

political liberalization

Catherine the Great's attempts at reform in Russia were essentially ended by

Pugachev's Rebellion

The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was

promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal

Which of the following conflicts is the largest war to unfold in the wake of the Peace of Westphalia?

the Seven Years' War

The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was

the balance of power

By 1800 the population of Europe had risen to

180 million

The system by which unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production was known as the

putting-out system

The great philosophical proponent of capitalism was

Adam Smith

The Ptolemaic universe was based on

a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow spheres

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was written by

Nicolaus Copernicus

The planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular, was demonstrated by

Kepler

The theory of universal gravity is associated with

Isaac Newton

When Voltaire urged his readers to "crush the damned thing," he was talking about

the church

Most philosophers believed

in the notion of progress