Physical Science EOC Flashcards

speed

the rate of change of position (distance per time or d/t)

velocity

speed with direction

acceleration

the rate of change of velocity (velocity per time)

mass

quantity of matter (inertia)

weight

gravitational force

inertia

tendency to continue at rest or with constant velocity (mass or laziness)

friction

opposes motion

force

a push or pull

newton's first law

Law of Inertia

newton's second law

F\=ma

gravity

attraction between any two objects

acceleration due to gravity on earth

9.81 m/s²

centripetal force

directed toward center, causes circular motion

newton's third law

action/reaction

momentum

p\=mv

conservation of momentum

momentum can be transferred but overall doesn't change

kinetic energy

energy in the form of motion (1/2 mv²)

potential energy

energy stored due to position

elastic potential energy

energy stored by something that can stretch or compress

chemical potential energy

energy stored in chemical bonds

gravitational potential energy

energy stored by object's above earth's surface (mgh)

mechanical energy

potential energy + kinetic energy

law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed

work

transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move (Fxd)

energy

the ability to cause change (do work)

power

the rate of work (W/t)

simple machine

does work with only one movement

lever

a bar free to pivot or turn about a fixed point

pulley

a grooved wheel with a rope, chain, or cable running along the groove

wheel and axle

consists of two wheels of different sizes that rotate together

inclined plane

a sloping surface such as a ramp that reduces the amount of force needed to do work

screw

an inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a cylindrical post

wedge

an inclined plane with one or two sloping sides

compound machine

two or more simple machines used together like a bicycle

temperature

related to the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of an object

thermal energy

the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules in an object

heat

thermal energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to something at a lower temperature

change in thermal energy

Q \= m x (T₂

conduction

transfer of thermal energy through direct contact (like ironing)

convection

transfer of energy in a fluid (gas or liquid) by movement of the the heated particles

radiation

transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves (like sunlight)

heat insulator

a material that doesn't allow heat to flow through it easily

static electricity

the accumulation of excess charges on an object

law of conservation of charge

charge can be transferred from object to object but it cannot be created nor destroyed

electrical conductor

a material that allows electrons to move easily through it

electrical insulator

a material that doesn't allow electrons to move easily through it

voltage difference

the push that causes electrical charge to move

volts

the unit of measure of voltage difference

circuit

a closed, conducting path

electric current

the flow of charges through a wire or any conductor

amperes

the unit of measure of electrical current

resistance

the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons changing electrical energy into thermal energy or light

ohms

the unit of measure of electrical resistance

ohm's law

V \= IR

series circuit

the current has only one loop to flow through like a string of Christmas lights

parallel circuit

contain two or more branches for current to move through like our houses do

fission

splitting the atom

fusion

two nuclei combined (or fused) to form a nucleus with larger mass like with hydrogen in the sun

wave

a repeating disturbance or movement that transfer matter through matter or space

medium

matter that waves travel through

transverse wave

the medium moves back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels

compressional wave

the medium moves back and forth in the same direction the wave travels like sound waves

rarefaction

the less dense region of a compressional wave

wavelength

the distance between one point on a wave and the nearest point just like it

crest

the highest point of a transverse wave

trough

the lowest point of a transverse wave

frequency

the number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each second

amplitude

related to energy of wave /distance from rest position to crest or trough on transverse wave

reflection

when a wave strikes an object and bounces off it

refraction

the bending of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one medium to another

diffraction

an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it

electromagnetic waves

vibrating electric charges that can travel through space where no matter is present

radio waves

low frequency electromagnetic waves with long wavelengths

x

rays

visible light

the range of electromagnetic waves that we can detect with our eyes

solids

particles packed together tightly and constantly vibrating in place

liquids

particles move more freely past each other but aren't free to move far apart

gases

particles are far apart/ no definite shape or volume

plasma

matter containing positive and negative charged particles at very high temperatures (as in the stars)

Archimedes' Principle

why ship float/ buoyant force

Pascal's Principle

pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid

Bernoulli's Principle

explains how lift helps planes to fly

pressure

force exerted per area (measured in pascals)

Boyle' Law

as pressure increases, volume decreases

Charles's Law

as temperature increases, volume increases (hot air balloon)

element

all the atoms of a substance is alike

pure substance

either an element or a compound

compound

a substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are combined in a fixed proportion

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the different materials can be distinguished easily

homogenous mixture

a mixture in which two or more substances are blended evenly throughout

colloids

suspend light like fog

solution

a homogeneous mixture that will never settle/ the particles are so small they can't be detected by a microscope

physical property

characteristics that you can observe without changing the identity like color, shape, size, melting point, etc.

physical change

a change in size, shape, or state of matter

chemical property

characteristic of a substance that indicates it can undergo a chemical change (like ability to burn)

chemical change

a change of one substance to another like burning, rusting, or corroding

distillation

a process for separating substances in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondensing its vapor

conservation of mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed/ same before and after reaction

Gay

Lussac's Law

nucleus

center of atom containing protons and neutrons