All Bio 1001H vocab

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all of it. I hate myself sometimes

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481 Terms

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Cellular organization
all livings things are made from one or more cells
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Ordered complexity
living systems are made more than the sum of their parts (all living things are complex and made up of many different things with different molecular structures)
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Sensitivity and Responsivness
organisms respond to stimuli from their environment
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Growth, development, and reproduction
all living things increase in size (or mass) and pass on characteristics (via DNA)
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Homeostasis
all living things have mechanisms to maintain a steady, stable internal state
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Evolutionary adaptation
Organisms change over time to become better suited to changing environments
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Negative feedback
reduces the gap between the set point (homeostasis) and the environmental conditions
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Development
the process an organisms undergoes to move from a simpler form to a more complex form (immature to mature state)
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Growth
the process an organism undergoes to get bigger and to increase their number of cells over time (by dividing)
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Deductive reasoning
hypothesis that starts with general observations to predict something specific
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Inductive reasoning
hypothesis that starts with specific observations (or experimental findings) to make a general conclusion
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Statistical Purpose
helps scientists understand their results and if there is a correlation between things/groups
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Standard Deviation
the amount of variability in the data
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Mode
the most frequently occurring data in a data set
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p-value > 0.05
high probability that the samples are from the same population (accept null hypothesis and is likely not statistically significant)
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P-value < 0.05
low probability that the samples are from the same population (rejects the null hypothesis and data is statistically significant) (likely that samples are from different populations)q
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Nominal scales of neasurement
word or numbers that are used to classify, label, or categorize observations (Ex: color : blue, green, yellow…)
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Ordinal scales of measurement
classifying the order of something (putting results in order/ ranking)
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Interval/ratio scale of measurement
quantities (measurements) or differences (interval between measurements can be calculated) (Ex: ages of dogs: 1-3yrs, 4-5 yrs…)
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Orbital
The region surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the probability is high of finding a particular electron (balloon of space where an electron is likely to be) can only contain 2 e- max
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Energy
the capacity to do work or to cause a change
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Isotopes
atoms that have the same amount of protons, but vary in the amount of neutrons
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Radioisotopes
unstable isotopes (emit radiation as they decay)
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Trace elements
elements in a living thing that are found in very small quantities (still important to the living things)
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When are atoms most stable?
when their outer shells are fully or half filled with electrons
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molecular formula
tells us the number of elements and what elements make up a molecule or compound
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Covalent bonds
when atoms share a pair of electrons
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Double bond
covalent bond where two pairs (4 total) of electrons are shared
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Structural formula
when covalent bonds are shown with a line (usually lewis dot structures)
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Electronegativity
an atom’s ability (measured) to attract electrons (to create a bond)
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High electronegativity
attraction between elements is strong
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low electronegativity
weak attraction to another atom’s electrons
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Non-polar covalent bonds
when electronegativity differ by less than 0.4
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Ionic bonds
when electronegativity differs by more than 1.8 (cation+anion)
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polar covalent bonds
electrons shared unequally (when electronegativity differs by 0.4-1.8)
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Cation
atom or molecule with a net positive charge
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Anion
atom or molecule that has a net negative charge
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van de waals dispersion forces
attractive forces between molecules in close proximity to each other (because of electron density)
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Free radical
a molecule containing an atom with a singular, unpaired electron in the outer shell
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Solutes
substances that are dissolved in a liquid
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Solvents
the liquids that dissolve something
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Hydrophilic
loves water (attracted to water) (tend to be polar molecules)
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Hydrophobic
hates water (repelled by water) (tend to be non-polar molecules)
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Amphipathic
molecules that both love an hate water (some regions polar, some regions non-polar)
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Micelles
formed by amphipathic molecules (polar heads face towards water, non-polar tails face away from water) creates little bubble looking things
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Solute concentration
the amount of a solute dissolved in a certain volume of a solution
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Molarity (M)
how many moles of a substance are in 1L of a solution
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Heat of vaporization
the heat required to vaporize 1 mol of any substance (boiling point)
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heat of fusion
amount of heat/energy that is required to melt a solid substance into a liquid
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Specific heat
the amount of heat/energy required to raise the temp of 1g of a substance by 1ºC
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Heat capacity
the amount of heat required to raise the temp of an entire object/ a particular amount of a substance
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Colligative properties
properties that depend strictly on the total number of dissolved solute particles
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Hydrolysis reaction
reaction which breaks apart water (ex: H20 → H+ and OH-)
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Cohesion
when molecules of the same type attract to each other (ex: h20 + h20 attraction)
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Adhesion
ability of unlike particles to be attracted to each other (ex: h20 to glass attraction)
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Surface tension
the attraction between molecule at the surface of a liquid
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Acids
substances that release H+ ions (more H+ ions, lower pH)
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Bases
substances that release OH- ions (increases OH- concentration → higher pH)
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pH
a measure of H+ concentrations in a solution (pH=-log\[H+\])
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Buffers
a pair of substances that minimize pH fluctuations (usually and acid and its related base)
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Macromolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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organic molecules
molecules containing carbon
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Inorganic molecules
molecules that are not found in living organisms
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Hydrocarbons
molecules with a high proportion of hydrogen and carbon atoms bonded
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Functional groups
groups of atoms with characteristic chemical structures and properties
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Isomers
2 or more molecules with the same chemical formulas, but different structures
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sterioisomers
identical building relationships, but spacial positioning of atoms differ
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cis isomer
when the two hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the carbon double bonds
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trans isomer
when the two hydrogen atoms are on different sides of the carbon double bonds
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enantiomer
one pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other
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Enzyme
molecules that catalyze rates of chemical reactions (lowers the activation energy of a reaction)
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monomers
one part of a polymer
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polymer
many monomers
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Condensation/dehydration reaction
when 2 molecules combine to produce a larger molecule and RELEASES a water molecule
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Hydrolysis reaction
when a polymer is broken down into monomers (requires water)
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Carbohydrates
organic molecules made of C,H, and O atoms
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monosaccharides
the monomer of carbohydrates (the simplest
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Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides that are linked together by a dehydration reaction (glycosidic bond)
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Glycosidic bond
bond formed between 2 sugars (dehydration reaction) (the bond that holds polysaccharides together)
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polysaccharides
many monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds (forms long polymers)
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Cellulose
a polymer of monosaccharides with a linear arrangement of carbon-carbon bonds (NO branching)
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Lipids
hydrophobic molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with some oxygen atoms. (non-polar, insoluble, includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes)
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Triglycerides
fats that are formed when glycerol bonds to 3 fatty acids
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Ester bond
the bond that is formed between the fatty acids and the glycerol in a triglyceride
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Saturated fatty acids
formed when all the carbons are linked by single covalent bonds (can’t wiggle and are packed tightly together)
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unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids that contain 1 or more carbon double bond (which create “kinks” in the chain)
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cis fats
unsaturated fats that exist in nature
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trans fats
unsaturated fats that do NOT exist in nature
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phospholipids
similar in structure to triglycerides, but one hydroxyl group of glycerol is linked to phosphate group instead of a fatty acid
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Steroids
four fused carbon atoms rings that typically have 1 or more polar hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure
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Waxes
Complex lipids which contain 1 or more hydrocarbons and long structures (that resemble a fatty acid) are attached to its carboxyl group to another long hydrocarbon chain (very non-polar)
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Amino Acids
monomers of proteins (only 20 amino acids)
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polypeptide
a linear sequence of animo acids joined together by peptide bonds
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Peptide bonds
the covalent bonds formed between a carboxyl group and an amino acid
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protein
A FUNCTIONAL unit composed of 1 or more polypeptides
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N-terminus
the amino group on a protein (NH3) connected to the alpha carbon
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C-terminus
the carboxyl group on a protein connected to the alpha carbon
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peptide backbone
the amino group, the alpha carbon, and the carboxyl group
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primary structure
the amino acid sequence of polypeptides (single chain)
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secondary structure
the helix (alpha helix) or pleated (beta pleated) sheet structure that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds