Unit 4 AP Bio

What is the general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6 O2 (Oxygen) -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

In which stage of cellular respiration does glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol.

What are the reactants and products of alcoholic fermentation?

Reactants: C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi; Products: 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2 + ATP

What are the starting products of glycolysis?

One glucose molecule.

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor and turns into water after accepting electrons.

How many ATP are produced by the electron transport chain?

32-34 ATP.

What is the general equation of photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Where do the light reactions occur in photosynthesis?

In the thylakoid.

What is the purpose of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

Acts as the final electron acceptor and gets reduced to NADPH after accepting electrons.

How do C4 and CAM plants differ in carbon fixation?

C4 plants store CO2 in one cell and perform the Calvin Cycle in another cell, while CAM plants store CO2 at night for use during the day.

What is fermentation?

An anaerobic process where glucose is converted into energy, resulting in byproducts like alcohol or lactic acid.

What are the two types of fermentation?

Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?

To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

In the mitochondria.

What are the main products of the Krebs cycle?

NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A process in cellular respiration that generates ATP using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

What role does ADP play in cellular respiration?

ADP is converted to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group during energy production.

How does the body utilize ATP?

ATP provides energy for various cellular activities, such as muscle contraction and biochemical reactions.

What is the significance of the proton gradient in the electron transport chain?

The proton gradient is used to drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.

What are the main pigments involved in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

To convert CO2 into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

What are the products of light-dependent reactions?

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

In the stroma of the chloroplasts.

What is the light reaction's source of energy?

Sunlight.

What is the significance of water in photosynthesis?

Water is split to release oxygen and provide electrons for the light reactions.

What is photorespiration?

A process where oxygen is consumed and CO2 is released, reducing photosynthetic efficiency.

How does the structure of a chloroplast aid in photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts contain thylakoids for light reactions and stroma for the Calvin Cycle.