EXSS155 Lesson 5

The lower extremity

what bone is this

Ischium of the hip bone

• can remember by thinking about the “s” in ischium. It’s the bone you “s”it on

• most posterior part of the hip bone

What bone is this

Pubis of the hip bone

• most anterior part of the hip bone

What bone is this

Ilium

How to tell posterior knee from anterior knee

• posterior knee has the patella (knee cap) while anterior does not

Fill this out for the right hip bone

What is this part of the ilium

Acetabulum

What is this part of the ilium

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

What is this part of the ilium

Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

What is this part of the ilium

Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

What is this part of the ilium

Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)

What is this part of the ilium

Body

What is this part of the ilium

Iliac crest

What is this part of the ilium

Greater sciatic notch

What is this part of the ilium

Iliac fossa

What is this part of the ischium

Ischial tuberosity

What is this part of the ischium

Acetabulum

What is this part of the ischium

Ischial spine

What is this part of the ischium

Lesser sciatic notch

What is this part of the ischium

Obturator foramen

What is this part of the pubis

Acetabulum

What is this part of the pubis

Body

What is this part of the pubis

Pubic crest

How to tell apart the anterior vs posterior view of the femur

The posterior view has a deeper neck than the anterior view

Fill this out for the anterior view of the right femur

What is this part of the femur

Head

What is this part of the femur

Neck

What is this part of the femur

Shaft/body

What is this part of the femur

Greater trochanter

What is this part of the femur

Lesser trochanter

What is this part of the femur

Intertrochanteric line/crest

What is this part of the femur

linea aspera

What is this part of the femur

Medial condyle

What is this part of the femur

lateral condyle

What is this part of the femur

medial epicondyle (adductor tubercle)

What is this part of the femur

Lateral epicondyle

What is this part of the femur

Popliteal surface

What is this part of the femur

Patellar surface

Is the tibia or fibula more medial

Tibia

Label the right tibia and fibula, A&P views

What is this part of the tibia

Medial condyle

What is this part of the tibia

Lateral condyle

What is this part of the tibia

Tibial tuberosity

What is this part of the tibia

Shaft

What is this part of the tibia

Anterior border (aka anterior crest)

What is this part of the tibia

Soleal line

What is this part of the tibia

Medial malleolus

What is this part of the tibia

Fibular notch

What is this part of the tibia

Medial border

What is this part of the fibula

Head

What is this part of the fibula

Shaft

What is this part of the fibula

Lateral malleous

name the 7 tarsal bones (dorsal (top) view of right foot)

How to remember

• 3 and 7 are NC (north carolina)

• 4 and 6 are medial and lateral, and 5 (the one in the middle) is intermediate

Fill this out for the right foot, superior and inferior views

what are these parts of the foot called

metatarsals

what bones of the foot describe the medial longitudinal arch

• 1st metatarsal

• 1st cuneiform (medial cuneiform)

• navicular

• calcaneus

what bones of the foot describe the lateral longitudinal arch

• calcaneus

• cuboid

• 5th metatarsal

*is not as pronounced of an arch as the medial longitudinal arch

where are the condyles of the foot

between the head of the metatarsal and the start of the phalanges

• The knuckle

How many phalange bones are in the foot

14 per foot

• 3 per toe, 2 for the big toe

Name the regions and landmarks for the phalanges

Regions/landmarks

• Proximal (base)

• Middle

• Head (distal)

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Psoas Major

• Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae (bodies, intervertebral disks)

• Lesser trochanter of femur

• Flexes thigh and flexes trunk

• L2 and L3 branches of lumbar plexus

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Iliacus

• Upper 2/3 of iliac fossa

• Lesser trochanter with tendon of psoas major

• Flexes thigh

  • Doesn’t control trunk movement because it’s not attached to the trunk

• Femoral nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Gluteus maximus

• Outer surface of ilium, adjacent posterior surface of sacrum and coccyx

• Iliotibial tract; gluteal tuberosity

• Abducts, extends, and laterally rotates thigh

• Inferior gluteal nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Gluteus medius

• Outer surface of ilium inferior to iliac crest

• Lateral surface of greater trochanter (of femur)

• Abducts and medially rotates thigh

• Superior gluteal nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Gluteus minimus

• Outer surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal line

• Anterior surface of greater trochanter

• Abducts and medially rotates thigh

• Superior gluteal nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Tensor fascia latae

• Outer lip of iliac crest between ASIS and iliac tubercle

• Upper part of iliotibial tract

• Abducts and flexes thigh

• Superior gluteal nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Piriformis

• Internal surface of sacrum

• Upper border of greater trochanter

• Laterally rotates and abducts thigh

• 1st and 2nd sacral nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Obturator internus

• Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones

• Common tendon with superior and inferior gemelli to medial surface of greater trochanter

• Laterally rotates thigh

• Nerve to the obturator internus

*Looks like a face with a long nose

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• gemellus superior

• Spine of ischium

• with the tendon of obturator internus into upper border of the greater trochanter

• laterally rotates thigh

• branch of nerve to obturator internus from sacral plexus

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Gemellus inferior

• upper margin of ischial tuberosity

• with the tendon of obturator internus into upper border of the greater trochanter

• laterally rotates thigh

• branch of nerve to quadratus femoris from sacral plexus

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• quadratus femoris

• lateral border of ischial tuberosity

• below intertrochanteric crest

• laterally rotates thigh

• nerve to quadratus femoris

*Shaped like a quadrilateral, goes to femur

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Obturator externus

• Outer surface of inferior and superior rami of pubis, ramus of ischium

• Trochanteric fossa of femur

• laterally rotates thigh

• obturator nerve

*can only be seen anteriorly

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Sartorius

• ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)

• upper part of medial surface of shaft of tibia

• flexes, abducts, external rotation of femur; slight internal rotation of leg at knee joint

• femoral nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Rectus femoris

• AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine)

• Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

• Flexes thigh, extends leg (like kicking a ball)

• Femoral nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• vastus lateralis

• intertrochanteric line of the femur

• tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

• extends leg

• femoral nerve

*all three vastus muscles have the same action and innervation

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• vastus medialis

• intertrochanteric line

• tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

• extends leg

• femoral nerve

*looks like a tear drop

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• vastus intermedius

• anterior and lateral 2/3 of femur

• tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

• extends leg

• femoral nerve

*rectus femoris reaches higher

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Gracilis

• Pubic ramus

• upper, medial shaft of tibia

• Adducts thigh (pulls inward)

• Obturator nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• pectineus

• superior ramus of pubis

• lesser trochanter

• flexes thigh, assists in adduction when hip flexed (like sitting in a chair)

• femoral nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• adductor longus

• anterior pubis

• linea aspera

• adducts thigh, assists with medial rotation

• obturator nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• adductor brevis

• inferior ramus of pubis

• linea aspera

• adducts thigh

• obturator nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• adductor magnus

• inferior ramus of pubis

• linea aspera, adductor tubercle of femur

• adducts and extends thigh

• obturator nerve

*how to tell what it is: has a hole

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• biceps femoris

• origin

  • Long head: ischial tuberosity

  • Short head: linea aspera

• head of fibula

• flexes knee

  • long head: extends thigh

• innervation

  • long head: tibial nerve

  • short head: common peroneal nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• semitendinosus

• ischial tuberosity

• medial, superior tibia

• flexes knee, extends thigh

• tibial nerve

*KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INSERTIONS FOR SEMITENDINOSUS AND SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

*can remember the name because semitendinosus is on top of semimembranosus

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• semimembranosus

• ischial tuberosity

• posterior, superior tibia

• flexes knee, extends thigh

• tibial nerve

*KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INSERTIONS FOR SEMITENDINOSUS AND SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

What are the four compartments of the lower leg (label each color)

• Anterior compartment (yellow)

• Superficial posterior compartment (orange)

• Deep posterior compartment (purple)

• Lateral compartment (blue)

*transverse slice of left leg; bottom is posterior, top is anterior

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• tibialis anterior

• lateral condyle of tibia, upper ½ of lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane

• medial and plantar surface of middle cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsal

• dorsiflexion (lifting toes off ground), inversion (supination) of the foot

• deep peroneal

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• extensor hallucis longus

  • Hallucis = going to big toe

• middle half of anterior fibula, interosseous membrane

• base of distal phalanx of great toe

• extends and hyperextends great toe, dorsiflexion and inverts foot

• deep peroneal

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• extensor digitorum longus

• upper 2/3 of anterior fibula, interosseous membrane, lateral condyle of tibia

• dorsal surface of lateral 4 toes, base of middle and distal phalanges

• extends toe, dorsiflexion (at the ankle) and eversion of the foot

• deep peroneal

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• peroneus (fibularis) tertius

• lower 1/3 of fibula; interosseous membrane

• dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal

• dorsiflexion and eversion (movement of foot outward) of foot

• deep peroneal

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• Gastrocnemius

• origin

  • Lateral head: lateral condyle and posterior surface of femur

  • medial head: popliteal surface of femur above medial condyle

• posterior surface of calcaneus through the achilles tendon

• plantarflexion of foot, flexes leg at knee

• tibial nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• soleus

• posterior surface of the tibia, upper 1/3 of posterior surface of the fibula, fibrous arch between tibia and fibula

• posterior surface of calcaneus via the achilles tendon

• plantarflexion of foot

• tibial nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• plantaris

• lateral supracondylar ridge of femur, oblique popliteal ligament

• posterior surface of calcaneus

• plantarflexion of foot; flexes leg at knee

• tibial nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• popliteus

• lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur

• upper part of the posterior of the tibia

• medial rotation of the leg; flexion of the leg

• tibial nerve

What is the muscle name, its origin, its insertion, its action, and its innervation?

• flexor hallucis longus

• lower 2/3 of posterior surface of the shaft of the fibula, posterior intermuscular septum, inteross