Lecture 12 Social Inequality: Race and Racism in Criminal Justice

Flashcards to review key concepts from the lecture on social inequality, focusing on race and racism in the criminal justice system.

Structural racism refers to the combination of racist ideologies and __ access to social and material resources.

unequal

Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately affects __ men.

Black

Mass incarceration reflects existing inequalities and __ them, affecting both the incarcerated and their families.

amplifies

Scholars debate whether racism benefits __ people or hurts almost everyone.

White

Incarceration rates for White Americans are approximately __ per 100,000 people.

450

Black Americans have an incarceration rate of __ per 100,000 people.

2,306

The Nixon campaign in 1968 used a strategy that appealed to the __ voter.

antiblack

Mandatory minimums, 'three strikes' laws, and 'truth in sentencing' are examples of __ sentencing.

increased

The over-policing of minority neighborhoods and training of cops leads to __ biases.

racial

Once the GOP relied on __ politics, Democrats felt compelled to follow suit.

law and order

Racial disparities are influenced by individual, organizational, __, and systemic factors.

institutional

Reduction in crime rates in the U.S. occurred largely __, not because of mass incarceration.

despite

Mass incarceration has led to a rise in single __-headed households.

women

Felon __ can significantly impact political outcomes in elections.

disenfranchisement

White people, on average, __ from racism, while most suffer because of it.

benefit

In California, incarcerated individuals are often exploited for __.

labor

Trump's fundamental belief centers around the idea that the U.S. is the birthright of straight, white, __ men.

Christian

Mass incarceration contributes to lower life __ and lower wages.

expectancies

The civil rights movement originally aimed for a more moral and __ nation.

prosperous

Public support for guaranteeing jobs has significantly __ among white Americans since the 1960s.

diminished

Health disparities are one consequence of __ incarceration.

mass

Racism occurs at individual, organizational, institutional, and __ levels.

systemic

The concept of __ racism includes both historical and contemporary forms of racial bias.

structural

One measure of societal inequality is the distribution of __ and resource accessibility.

wealth

Increasing punitive sentences were justified around racialized notions of __ criminals.

undeserving

Incarceration rates for Native Americans are approximately __ per 100,000.

1,291

Racism in the U.S. is deeply linked to attitudes about __ and punishment.

crime

Mass incarceration's impact extends beyond individuals to families and __.

communities

Legal systems may perpetuate racial disparities through biased __ and sentences.

charging

Systemic racism can be seen in disparities in school discipline and __ discrimination.

employer

Crime rates in the U.S. have decreased since the __, despite rising incarceration rates.

1990s

Political and public sentiment towards criminal justice reform has been influenced by __ movements.

activist