Ch. 12 Skeletal System

skeletal system

the two types of connective tissue found in the skeletal system

bones/cartilage, fibrous connective

point where two bones come together

joint

fibrous connective tissue; join the bones

ligaments

connect muscle + bone

tendon

expanded region at the end of a long bone

epiphysis

main portion of long bone with large medullary cavity

diaphysis

the small region of mature bone that separates the epiphysis and the diaphysis

metaphysis

this coats the epiphysis; also called articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage

region of cartilage that allows for bone growth inside the epiphysis

epiphyseal line

inside the epiphysis; has red bone marrow (where blood cells are made)

spongy bone

the bone type with organized osteons that long bone is made up mostly of

compact bone

main portion of diaphysis

medullary cavity

the thin vascular membrane that lines the medullary cavity

endosteum

layer of fibrous connective tissue completely covering the long bones

periosteum

organized units of compact bone

osteons

tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal

lacunae

cells pass on nutrients + collect wastes from other cells via these in osteocytes

gap junctions

the space in compact bone between the lacunae

matrix

these tiny canals run through the matrix; they connect lacunae

canaliculi

unorganized type of bone found at the top of long bones

spongy bone

the thin plates in spongy bone that are separated by unequal spaces filled with red bone marrow

trabeculae

the two types of fibers in the gel-like matrix of the cartilage

collagen, elastic

the cells within cartilage that lie within irregular lacunae

chondrocytes

type of cartilage: firm; somewhat flexible; matrix appears uniform and glassy; many collagen fibers

hyaline

type of cartilage: found at the ends of long bones, nose, ribs, larynx, trachea

hyaline

type of cartilage: stronger, thick/collagenous fibers in the matrix, withstands tension and pressure

fibrocartilage

type of cartilage: discs between vertebrae, cartilage of knee

fibrocartilage

type of cartilage: more flexible than hyaline; matrix made of mostly elastin fibers

elastic

type of cartilage: ear flaps, epiglottis

elastic

this type of connective tissue is made of rows of fibroblasts separated by bundles of collagenous fibers

fibrous connective

made of fibrous connective tissues; connects bones and joints

ligaments

made of fibrous connective tissue; connects muscles and bones at a joint

tendons

seven bones at the neck

cervical vertebrae

tailbone; four fused vertebrae; part of pelvis

coccyx

helps divide nose into cavities

ethmoid bone

external auditory canal

large opening through which the spinal cord passes

foramen magnum

forms forehead with eyebrows

frontal bone

fibrocartilage; padding; prevent bones from grinding against one another

intervertebral discs

found on each side of the column

intervertebral foramina

contains an opening to a canal that drains tears from the eyes to the nose

lacrimal bone

large bodies, thick processes

lumbar vertebrae

only movable portion of the skull; forms chin

mandible

form upper jaw and portion of the eye socket; hard palates and floor of nose

maxilla

occipital bone

hard palate and floor of the nose are formed by the maxillae joined to these

palatine bone

rib facet

parietal bone

five sacral bones fused together; part of pelvis

sacrum

extends across cranium floor; contributes to orbits; all other bones in cranium articulate with it

sphenoid bone

styloid process

articulate with one another and with the ribs at articular facets; twelve

thoracic vertebrae

transverse process

helps divide nose into cavities

vomer bone

bones that make up cheekbones

zygomatic bone

midline of the body; consists of skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage

axial skeleton

membranes that join cranial bones in newborns

fontanels

some bones contain these - air spaces lined by mucous membranes

sinuses

eye sockets

orbits

only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone; anchors tongue; helps with swallowing

hyoid bone

sideways curvature of spine

scoliosis

abnormal posterior curvature (hunchback)

kyphosis

anterior curvature (swayback)

lordosis

first cervical vertebrae; holds up head; allows tilt

atlas

second cervical vertebrae; allows rotation

axis

first seven ribs; connect to sternum by costal cartilage

true ribs

last five ribs; disconnected from sternum

false ribs

last two ribs

floating ribs

flattened bone that originates at the thoracic vertebrae and proceeds towards the anterior thoracic wall

rib

handle of sternum; connects to clavicle

manubrium

blade of sternum

body

point of blade of sternum; allows for attachment of diaphragm

xiphoid process

where the three bones in the hip bone meet

acetabulum

capitulum

carpals

part of pectoral girdle; extends across the top of thorax; joins with sternum and scapula

clavicle

size indicates how much heavy lifting a person has done

deltoid tuberosity

longest and strongest bone in the body; has two processes; articulates with tibia

femur

articulates with tibia

fibula

connects scapula and humerus

glenoid cavity

head of radius

head of ulna

hip bone

humerus

ilium

posterior spine for muscle attachment in lower limb

ischium

metacarpals

we have five of these; distal ends form the ball of the foot

metatarsals

held in place by quadriceps tendon

patella

phalanges (foot)

opposable thumb allows grasp

phalanges (hand)

pubis

crosses in front of other bone when palm turns backwards

radius

part of pectoral girdle;

scapula

this and the calcaneus support the weight of the body in the foot

talus

ankle has seven of these

tarsals

articulates with femur

tibia

trochlea

crosses behind other arm bone when palm turns backwards

ulna

articular cartilage