apush unit 7 part 1

boss tweed

• leader of tammany hall political machine

• used bribery, patronage and voter manipulation

• represented gov. corruption during urban growth

president grant

president during gilded age, personally honest but his administration had a lot of scandals

• highlighted weak federal control

grover cleveland

only president to serve 2 nonconsecutive terms, favored limited gov. and opposed corruption

plessy v ferguson

supreme court upheld “seperate but equal”, legalized segregation. racial inequality hidden under gilded age progress

panic of 1873

• major economic depression caused by overinvestment in railroads, led to unemployement and labor unrest

• showed the instability of industrial capitalism

compromise of 1877

• ended reconstruction to resolve disputed election

• federal troops removed from south, allowed jim crow laws to rise up

chinese exclusion act (1882)

• first law banning immigration by race

• reflected anti-chinese sentiment and economic competition

homestead strike (1892)

• major labor strike at carnegie steel, workers protested wage cuts

• strike failed and union power declined

• showed imbalance of power between big business and workers

president mckinley

• president during spanish-american war, argued expansion would bring markets, order and christianity

• made us and overseas empire

theodore roosevelt

• believed us must be a strong global power, used big stick diplomacy: navy expansion and active foreign diplomacy

• key part in building of panama canal to control trade

rudyard kipling

• british writer who wrote “white man’s burden”. encouraged america to expand to “civilize” non westerners

• showed cultural justification for imperialism

anti-imperialist league

• group opposing us imperialism

• included mark twain, andrew carnegie, william jennings bryan

• showed how controversial imperialism actually was

uss maine explosion (1898)

• us battleship explosion in havana, which led to spanish american war

• sparked us expansion overseas

hawaii annexation (1898)

• us formally annexed hawaii because of its strategic naval base and trade access in the pacific

• marks america expanding beyond continent

insular cases (1901)

• supreme court ruled that constitution doesn’t apply to territories, justified ruling over colonies without full rights

• legal foundation for expansion of american empire

panama canal construction (1904)

• us backed panamanian independance, built canal to control global trade + navy movement

• showed us economic and millitary dominance

nuckrackers

• journalists who exposed corruption, unsafe conditions, and abuses

• wrote about politics, business and urban poverty

• they raised public awareness and pushed gov. to reform

upton sinclair (the jungle)

• exposed filthy conditions in the meatpacking industry, shocked the public because of lack of food safety

• led to Pure Food and Drug Act, and Meat Inspection Act

Progressives

• Reformers who wanted to fix problems caused by industrialization

• Supported regulation, social justice, and gov. action

• Marked shift to more active federal government

President Taft

• continued progressive reforms after roosevelt

• broke up more trusts than roosevelt but had less charisma

• showed that progressivism continued but divisions weakened

Square Deal (1901)

• Made by Teddy Roosevelt; focused on consumer protection, controlling trusts, and conservation

• promised fairness for workers, businesses, consumers

• defined progressive government responsiblity

department of labor and commerce est (1903)

• created to regulate business and labor issues, later split into 2 departments

• it expanded federal oversight of the economy

muller v oregon (1908)

• supreme court upheld limits on women’s work hours

• used social science data to justify decision

• set precedent for government workplace regulation

triangle shirtwaist factory fire (1911)

• factory fire killed 146 workers, mostly women

• exposed unsafe working conditions

• led to labor safety laws and reform momentum

woodrow wilson

• 28th president of the us and lead up to ww1

• led progressive reform through his new freedom, targetting tariffs banks and trusts

• created federal reserve system, giving the government control over the economy

• used moral diplomacy promoting democracy in latin american interventions

triple wall of privilege

• wilson’s idea that tariffs banks and trusts protected the wealthy

• believed that breaking these would restore democracy

• framed progressivism as a fight against structural inequality

federal reserve board

• created by the federal reserve act (1913)

• regulated money supply and stabilized banking

• gave the federal government long term control over the economy

election of 1912

4 way race: (wilson, roosevelt, taft, debs)

• split republicans helped wilson win

• it showed strong public support for progressive reform

clayton antitrust act (1914)

• strengthened the sherman antitrust act

• protected labor unions from being labeled trusts

• expanded government role in regulating big business

lusitania and sussex pledge (1915)

• german sub attacks killed americans

• germany promised to limit u boat warfare

• tested us neutrality and moved america closer to fighting in ww1

moral diplomacy in mexico (1916)

• wilson intervened to promote democracy

• us military involvement increased instability

• showed limits of moral idealism in foreign policy

george creel and the committee on public information

• government propaganda agency during ww1

• used posters, films, speeches to promote support for the war

• shows how the government shaped public opinion

american expeditionary force

• us troops sent to europe lead by general john j pershing

• he helped turn tide against germany, marked america’s emergence as a millitary power

suffragettes

• women who pushed for voting rights

• used wartime contributions to argue for suffrage, led to 19th ammendment which expanded democracy

reservationists

• senators who wanted conditions added to the treaty of versailles, suppported league of nations with limits. showed cautious internationalism

irreconcilables

• senators who opposed treaty of versailles

• feared entangling alliances

• strong isolationist government

zimmerman telegram (1917)

• germany urged mexico to attack the us, promised return of lost territory

• it pushed the us into ww1, as they were neutral

14 points (1918)

• wilson’s peace plan focused on democracy and self determination

• called for a league of nations

• showed idealistic us goals for global leadership

homefront contributions to war effort (1917-18)

• americans ratioend food, bought war bonds, worked in factories

• women and minorities filled industrial jobs

• demonstrated total war and expanded federal power

schenck v united states (1919)

• supreme court upheld limits on free speech during war

• introduced “clear and present danger”

• shows how civil liberties were restricted during wartime