Chapter 11 Pathos

arrhythmias

abnormal heart rhythms

bradycardia and heart block

Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His). (slow heart beat)

flutter

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

fibrillation

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute).

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life-threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest

atrial fibrillation (AF)

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting in a coordinated rhythm.

congenital heart disease

abnormalities in the heart at birth

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta

congestive heart failure (CHF)

The heart is unable to pump the required amount of blood. • In the U.S., primarily the result of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth.

septal defects

Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects).

tetralogy of Fallout

Congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects.

• Pulmonary artery stenosis. Pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed.

• Ventricular septal defect. Large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation.

• Shift of the aorta to the right. Aorta overrides the interventricular septum. Oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta.

• Hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

• Atherosclerosis

Thrombotic occlusion (occlusive/mural)

Ischemia Necrosis

Infarction

• Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

Unstable angina

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Drug therapies for CAD

Nitrates (nitroglycerin)

Aspirin

Beta-blockers

ACE inhibitors

Calcium channel blockers

Statins

Surgical therapies for CAD

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

hypertensive heart disease

high blood pressure affecting the heart

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

improper closure of the mitral valve

murmur

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

pericarditis

inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart

rheumatic heart disease

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

laboratory test

BNP test

lipid test profile

lipoprotein electrophoresis

serum enzyme tests