Bio of Social Issues Midterm 1

Which of the following statements is correct?

An autotroph makes its own food

A heterotroph makes its own food

A heterotroph uses the sun’s energy to fuel itself

An autotroph lives off other organisms

Which of the following statements is correct?

An autotroph makes its own food

A heterotroph makes its own food

A heterotroph uses the sun’s energy to fuel itself

An autotroph lives off other organisms

An autotroph makes its own food

How did the great oxidation event affect life?

Anaerobic life largely went extinct

Identify 2 characteristics of eukaryotic cells not found in prokaryotic cells

Nucleus and mitochondria

LUCA was the very first life form

False;

First common ancestor, not first life form

How did cyanobacteria transform Earth’s atmosphere?

By producing oxygen

Approximately when do we think eukaryotic cells appeared on Earth?

4 billion years ago

Which of the following comments on plagiarism is INCORRECT?

Plagiarism is the full acknowledgement of the use of another’s ideas

The protocell was formed by which of the following materials?

Lipids

The purpose of an opinion piece is to

Clearly demonstrate what you think and why you think it

What is dna?

What is a carbohydrate?

What is a protein?

What is a lipid?

Organic compounds that consists of many linked nucleotides

Organic compounds that include sugar, starch, and cellulose

Organic compounds consist of chains of amino acids

Organic compounds consist of fatty acids and are insoluble in water

A cyanobacterium obtains its energy from what?

Photosynthesis

The mushrooms we eat are considered microbial eukaryotes

False

Which of the following is NOT a microbe?

Earthworm

What is antibiotic resistance?

When bacteria have the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them

Virus, Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryote

Not a member of any of the three domains,

The closest members to the eukaryotic domain

One of the three domains

Members of a domain in which

Writing reflectively involves: critically analyzing an experience, recording how it has impacted you and what you plan to do with your new knowledge.

True

Lipopolysaccharides →

Lipid →

Protein →

Nucleic acid →

Metabolites →

Short chain fatty acids →

(A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain)

(Chemical compounds that play a critical role in microbial metabolism)

(Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents)

(The major outer surface membrane components in bacteria)

(Essential energy source for our intestinal cells)

(Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids organic compound)

Lipopolysaccharides → The major outer surface membrane components in bacteria,

Lipid → Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.,

Protein → Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids organic compound,

Nucleic acid → A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.,

Metabolites → Chemical compounds that play a critical role in microbial metabolism,

Short chain fatty acids → Essential energy source for our intestinal cells

Match the following terms with the most appropriate definition

Whale microbiome →

Human microbiome →

Hot springs microbiome →

Forest microbiome → Is actually home to numerous microbiomes

[Is actually home to numerous microbiomes], [Contributes to human health], [Shares characteristics with both cows and meat-eating predators], [Tiny sample is more diverse than all the rest of local environment]

Whale microbiome → Shares characteristics with both cows and meat-eating predators

Human microbiome → Contributes to human health,

Hot springs microbiome → Tiny sample is more diverse than all the rest of local environment

Forest microbiome → Is actually home to numerous microbiomes

Helicobacter pylori is a member of the gastric microbiome. Which of the following statements about H. pylori are true.

Helps digest your food

It cannot survive in gastric juices

It is able to neutralize stomach acids

Can bore into the stomach lining and cause inflammation

It is able to neutralize stomach acids

Can bore into the stomach lining and cause inflammation

Which of the following best defines the term microbiome?

A community of microorganisms that exists in a particular environment

The human microbiome contains

over 2 billion genes

The colorful rings bordering hots springs at Yellowstone National Park are PRIMARILY the result of what?

Gradients of temperature

Gradients of different minerals

Gradients of salt concentrations

Gradients of different microbes

Gradients of different microbes

The human microbiome is composed of [ ], which are single-celled microorganisms that include [ ] and the newly identified [ ], and the [ ], which include single celled [ ] and microscopic [ ].

[fungi], [bacteria], [prokaryotes],[archaea], [eukaryotes][protists],

The human microbiome is composed of [prokaryotes], The human microbiome is composed of [prokaryotes], which are single-celled microorganisms that include [bacteria] and the newly identified [archaea], and the [eukaryotes], which include single celled [protists] and microscopic [fungi].

The human microbiome is the cause of both increased health and, sometimes, disease

True

The lung microbiome influences health

through WHICH of the following mechanisms?

Choose ALL that apply.

Limits oxygen transfer

Prevents infection

Permits most other microbes to grow in the lungs

Activates immune cells

Immunity development

Prevents infection

Immunity development

Activates immune cells

When Reddi was exploring the origin of maggots in meat, the following results were obtained. Identify one answer that IS NOT correct.

Maggots appeared in the jar with no gauze covering Maggots did not appear in the gauze covered jar

Maggots did not appear in the open jar

Maggots did not appear in the closed jar

Maggots did not appear in the open jar

Greek philosophers believed that some life forms arose spontaneously from non-living matter, particularly in decaying matter.

true

The golden age of antibiotics refers to the period from 1928 to 1986 when our current supply of antibiotics were relatively quickly discovered and developed into therapeutic drugs

True

An antibiotic is any substance that

Sterilizes surface of living tissue

Inhibits the growth of or kills a virus

Sterilizes non-living surfaces

inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterium

Inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterium

Aristotle believed in each of the following statements, save one. Identify the statement Aristotle did not claim.

Slime gave rise to oysters

Water gave rise to fishes

Sand gave rise to scallops

Hollows of rocks gave rise to limpets and barnacles

Water gave rise to fishes

What scientist first recorded observations of microbes?

Pasteur

Reddi

Flemming

Leeuwenhoek

Leeuwenhoek

Miasma theory is defined as…

:Particles of viruses are released into the air, especially at night, by refuse and decomposing bodies, which can cause disease.

:Bacteria are released into the air which can cause disease. :Particles of rotting mice are released into the air, especially at night, that can cause disease.

:Particles of rotting matter are released into the air, especially at night, by refuse and decomposing bodies, which can cause disease.

Particles of rotting matter are released into the air, especially at night, by refuse and decomposing bodies, which can cause disease.

[ ] theory holds that particles of rotting matter are released into the air, especially at night, by refuse and decomposing bodies. It was also stated that you could be [ ] with decomposition and become ill. It was believed that [ ] was the cause of the [ ] (or black death) pandemic occurring in Western Europe and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of [ ] million people.

[infused], [miasma], [plague], [miasma], [75 to 200]

[miasma] theory holds that particles of rotting matter are released into the air, especially at night, by refuse and decomposing bodies. It was also stated that you could be [infused] with decomposition and become ill. It was believed that [miasma] was the cause of the [plague] (or black death) pandemic occurring in Western Europe and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of [75 to 200] million people.

Redi hypothesized that [ ] emerged in raw meat due to [flies] laying [ ], that hatch and grow into adult flies. He [ ] his [ ] by placing raw meat into [ ] that were left open, covered with [ ] or sealed tight. The variable that was counted in this experiment was the number of [ ]. The result was that he proved that spontaneous generation was not required to explain the appearance of live [ ] in raw meat.

[flies], [tested], [vessels], [maggots], [guaze], [maggots], [hypothesis], [eggs], [maggots]

Redi hypothesized that [maggots] emerged in raw meat due to [flies] laying [eggs], that hatch and grow into adult flies. He [tested] his [hypothesis] by placing raw meat into [vessels] that were left open, covered with [guaze] or sealed tight. The variable that was counted in this experiment was the number of [maggots]. The result was that he proved that spontaneous generation was not required to explain the appearance of live [maggots] in raw meat.

Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Bacteriostatic, Antiseptic

Match Def with word

→Used to sterilize surfaces of living tissue and include hydrogen peroxide and rubbing alcohol

→Mutations that render bacteria insensitive to antibiotics,

→Any substance that inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterial cell

→Antibiotics that that inhibit growth,

Antibiotic → Any substance that inhibits the growth of or kills a bacterial cell,

Antibiotic resistance → Mutations that render bacteria insensitive to antibiotics,

Bacteriostatic → Antibiotics that that inhibit growth,

Antiseptic  → Used to sterilize surfaces of living tissue and include hydrogen peroxide and rubbing alcohol

The variable being tested →

Repeating the experiment until you have a robust dataset →

Experimental conditions applied →

Predicts what will happen when dependent variables are changed →

The variable being experimentally manipulated →

Anything in an experiment that is changed →

Variables, Hypothesis, Treatments, Variables, Dependent variable, Replication, Independent variable

The variable being tested → Dependent variable

Repeating the experiment until you have a robust dataset → Replication

Experimental conditions applied → Treatments

Predicts what will happen when dependent variables are changed → Hypothesis

The variable being experimentally manipulated → Independent variable

Anything in an experiment that is changed → Variables

Pasteur, Woese, Flemming, Margulis

Used rRNA to create the Great Tree of Life

Came up with the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryote cells

Disproved spontaneous generation with a swan-necked flask

Discovered penicillin

Pasteur → Disproved spontaneous generation with a swan-necked flask,

Woese → Used rRNA to create the Great Tree of Life,

Flemming → Discovered penicillin,

Margulis → Came up with the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryote cells

Bacteria, animal, protist, archaea, eukaryotes, plants

Dysbiosis is an [ ] of a microbiome, which can result in numerous [ ] outcomes, including [ ]. Dysbiosis can result from taking [ ] and from [ ].

antibiotics, unhealthy, birth mode, imbalance, autoimmune disease

Dysbiosis is an [imbalance] of a microbiome, which can result in numerous [unhealthy] outcomes, including [autoimmune disease]. Dysbiosis can result from taking [antibiotics] and from [birth mode].

Gut Microbiome, Skin Microbiome, Respiratory microbiome, Oral microbiome

Can cause dental disease ,Commonly filled with Staphylococcus epidermidis, Digest indigestible starches, Fights off infectious pathogens,

Gut microbiome → Digest indigestible starches

Skin microbiome → Commonly filled with Staphylococcus epidermidis

Respiratory microbiome → Fights off infectious pathogens, Oral microbiome → Can cause dental disease

Which of the following are not considered critical in evaluating the factual nature of a news source

Accuracy

Purpose

Currency

Relevance

Impact

Authority

Impact

The development of anaerobic culturing techniques was critical because

They actually weren't important at all

We want to see if we can kill microbes by depriving them of oxygen

Many of the microbes we wish to grow do not grow in the presence of methane

We have no other methods to use in identifying them today

Many of the microbes we wish to study do not grow in the presence of oxygen

Many of the microbes we wish to study do not grow in the presence of oxygen

Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence (production of ETOH) and the giving off of heat.

True or false

True

Gordon's research group employed [ ] mice and

human twins to study the effect of the [ ]

in the mice. Those mice that received microbiomes

from the [ ] twin remained [ ], while those

that received microbiomes from the [ ] twin became [ ].

This suggests that [ ] may be due, in part, to the [ ]

[lean], [lean], [obesity], [human microbiome], [human microbiome], [germ free], [obese], [obese]

Gordon's research group employed [germ free] mice and

human twins to study the effect of the [human microbiome]

in the mice. Those mice that received microbiomes

from the [lean] twin remained [lean], while those

that received microbiomes from the [obese] twin became [obese].

This suggests that [obesity] may be due, in part, to the [human microbiome]

[ ] is the study of the complete set of DNA in an organism. In contrast, [ ] is the study of the genetic material recovered directly from an environmental or clinical sample. The genetic information of the [ ] is recovered using [ ] methods. [ ] is the method by which we determine the sequences of base pairs in DNA.

[DNA sequencing], [Genomics], [Microbiome], [Metagenomics], [Metagenomics]

[Genomics] is the study of the complete set of DNA in an organism. In contrast, [Metagenomics] is the study of the genetic material recovered directly from an environmental or clinical sample. The genetic information of the [Microbiome] is recovered using [Metagenomics] methods. [DNA sequencing] is the method by which we determine the sequences of base pairs in DNA.

The HMP, or human microbiome project, was an initiative funded by the NIH (national institutes of health) to identify the complete human genome

True or False

False

We viewed a fascinating video about how a newborn's [ ] microbiome

changes over time. In that video we saw that the newborn's [ ]

microbiome resembles the [ ] microbiome of the [mother].

It then transitions in [microbial] composition, which may cause it to resemble

the adult [ ] microbiome, or other microbiomes, until it

finally has the composition of the adult  [ ] microbiome.

[vaginal], [gut], [gut], [gut], [microbial], [skin]

We viewed a fascinating video about how a newborn's [gut] microbiome

changes over time. In that video we saw that the newborn's [gut]

microbiome resembles the [vaginal] microbiome of the [mother].

It then transitions in [microbial] composition, which may cause it to resemble

the adult [skin] microbiome, or other microbiomes, until it

finally has the composition of the adult  [gut] microbiome.

Fecal microbiota transfer involves which of the following? Choose the most appropriate statement:

An ineffective therapeutic method that has been abandoned

The use of antibiotics to eliminate a sick person's gut microbiome.

The transfer of a healthy person's gut microbiome into an individual with a gut related illness.

The transfer of feces from a sick individual into a healthy individual

A miracle cure that involves combining antibiotics and feces to resolve gut illnesses

The transfer of a healthy person's gut microbiome into an individual with a gut related illness

Examine the following bar chart and choose the most appropriate descriptions of what it presents.

:The frequency of the grey taxa decreased by 50% at each time point sampled.

:The baby had a more diverse gut microbiome after 1 year, with diversity measured as the number of species present :The frequency of the peach species was highly variable at each timepoint sampled.

:The frequency of the grey taxa increased by 50% at each time point sampled.

:The baby had a less diverse gut microbiome after 1 year, with diversity measured as the number of species present :The frequency of the green species was highly variable at each timepoint sampled

The frequency of the grey taxa decreased by 50% at each time point sampled.

The baby had a more diverse gut microbiome after 1 year, with diversity measured as the number of species present

Fill in: x axis, yaxis, skin, stool, oral, vaginal

Choose the most appropriate description of this graph.

This graph reveals that an individuals skin microbiome is more similar to another persons skin microbiome than it is to their oral, vaginal or stool microbiomes

This chart reveals that oral microbiomes have the highest levels of species diversity

This chart reveals that oral microbiomes have the lowest levels of species diversity

This chart is uninterpretable

This graph reveals that an individuals microbiomes (skin, oral, etc.) are more similar to each other than they are to another individuals microbiome

This graph reveals that an individuals skin microbiome is more similar to another persons skin microbiome than it is to their oral, vaginal or stool microbiomes

What is the term used to describe an ecological unit of a host and the species living on or in the host,

such as the human microbiome?

Holobiont

Environment

Community

Parasite

Holobiont

What is the term used to describe the average microbiome of individuals who don’t have an obvious disease?

Holobiont microbiome

Population-wide microbiome

Normal microbiome

Healthy microbiome

Normal microbiome

What makes up most of the cellular diversity in our microbiome?

Archaea

Parasites

Bacteria

Viruses

Bacteria

Humans have about 22,000 genes. How many genes do an average human’s microbiota have?

5 thousand

7 billion

9 million

250 thousand

9 million

What genus is Staphylococcus aureus a member of?

Aureus

Bacteria

Staphylococcus

Epidermis

Escherichia

Staphylococcus

Match each term with the most appropriate definition.

Term to describe the first name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus aureus →

Term to describe the second name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis →

Term to describe the highest level of taxonomic classification →

Term to describe a subgroup within a bacteria species, such as E. coli O157:H7?→

Term to describe the next highest level of taxonomic classification under the kingdom name →

Strain, Species, Domain, Phylum, Genus

Term to describe the first name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus aureus → Genus,

Term to describe the second name given in a binomial, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis → Species,

Term to describe the highest level of taxonomic classification → Domain,

Term to describe a subgroup within a bacteria species, such as E. coli O157:H7?→ Strain,

Term to describe the next highest level of taxonomic classification under the kingdom name → Phylum

Rather than understanding the microbiome using taxa abundances, which can vary over time and between individuals, some scientists use microbial functions to characterize the microbiome.

True or False

True

A stable microbiome does not change over time.

True or False

False

How is the gut able to host a high concentration of microbiota?

High oxygen content

High temperature

Low temperature

High surface area

Large volume

High Surface Area

What part of the GI tract has the highest in density of microbiota? The lowest?

a.

Small intestine; large intestine

b.

Stomach; kidney

c.

Large intestine; stomach

d.

Trachea; small intestine

c. large intestine; stomach

What important product is produced  \n when microbiota digest resistant starch?

Bile

Oxygen

Short chain fatty acids

Adenosine triphosphate

Antigens

Short chain fatty acids

Match each term with the most appropriate definition:

Antibiotics, lifestyle changes, and illness may cause a state of imbalance in the gut microbiota called ______. →

Porphymonas gingivalis is known as a __________________, which means it has a disproportionately large impact on the development of cavities. →

When a health microbiome is able to inhibit the growth of pathogens, it is called _____________. →

Oral microbiota form community on teeth that is commonly known as __________. →

Dybiosis, Plaque, Colonization resistance, Keystone Species,

Antibiotics, lifestyle changes, and illness may cause a state of imbalance in the gut microbiota called ______. → Dysbiosis

Porphymonas gingivalis is known as a __________________, which means it has a disproportionately large impact on the development of cavities. → Keystone species,

When a health microbiome is able to inhibit the growth of pathogens, it is called _____________. → Colonization resistance,

Oral microbiota form community on teeth that is commonly known as __________. → Plaque

True or False? The abundance and composition of microbiota on the skin is the same throughout all locations on the body.

False

Which is not a role skin microbiota play in maintaining human health?

Nutrient production

Maintaining skin moisture

Preventing pathogen colonization

Colonization resistance

Wound healing and immune recruitment

Nutrient Production

Why are experimental controls important?

To prevent contamination

To ensure that each subject is nearly identical in treatment

To ensure that your experimental treatment causes any differences observed, and not other factors

To minimize the likelihood of falsely reporting a significant difference when none exists

To keep conditions the same for all subjects in the study

To ensure that your experimental treatment causes any differences observed, and not other factors