Development and Plasticity

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Barbara Arrowsmith Young training principles (1 and 2)

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1

Barbara Arrowsmith Young training principles (1 and 2)

she forced herself to use and strengthen the affected areas of her brain

  1. repetition of stimulation

  2. regional and functional specificity

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2

mechanisms of neuroplasticity

  • synaptic plasticity by adding/removing channel-receptors at the synapse

  • adding/removing synapses during development and in adulthood

  • axonal sprouting

  • new neurons born in adulthood

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3

describe progression of brain development

starts small and smooth at 29 days, no wrinkles at 11 week fetus, more wrinkles progressing from childhood to teenagehood to adulthood

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4

why does the brain continue to grow after birth?

the size of a human head is limited by the size of the birth canal, so humans evolved to continue growing their brains after birth; this is also why an infant’s head is so fragile

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5

evolution of cranal capacity

500 cm3 to 1500 cm3

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6

describe human evolution as it relates to the birth canal

ability to stand and have arms free to carry children was beneficial for early ancestors; those who lived in savannah’s could see farther away to spot predators; hip bone size limited to walk efficiently; hip bones form birth canal

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7

neoteny or heterochromy

timing of development can be modified

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8

what happens to the number of neurons and synapses as the brain matures?

decreases

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9

pruning

reductions of neurons and synapses; normal process during development

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10

approximately __% of neurons and synapses we have as newborns are eliminated by adulthood

50

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11

when does the number of neurons and synapses increase?

prenatally and until shortly after birth; peaks around 2-3 weeks

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12

when does the number of neurons and synapses decrease?

into adolescence; peaks at 8 months or 1 year

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13

synapses maturation

strengthening and refining

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14

gray matter

neuronal somas and dendrites

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15

white matter

axons covered by myelin

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16

myelination

occurs during development and changes with age

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17

white matter density

myelination; indicates the number of axons covered in myelin

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18

describe the number of myelinated axons over time

increases for two decades then plateaus

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19

Mark Rosenzweig

  • studied effects of environmental enrichment on the brain

  • contradicted fixed brain theory by demonstrating that learning/experience can change the brain

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20

Mark Rosenzweig rat enrichment experiment

  • rats in playful, social, engaging environments had a heavier cortex than rats in insolating, boring, barren environments

    • enriched environments led to an increased number of neurons and synapses and an increased amount of neurotransmitters and myelination

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21

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

  • father of neuroscience

  • neuroanatomist

  • suggested mechanism underlying learning did not require formation of new neurons

  • rather, memories could be formed by strengthening connections between existing neurons

    • activity dependent changes in synaptic transmission can alter normal circuitry and thus behavioral response

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22

synaptic plasticity

activity dependent changes in synaptic strength

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23

Donald O. Hebb’s Hebbian principles of experience-based neuroplasticity

  1. use it or lose it

  2. use it to improve it (repetition and intensity of stimulation)

    1. regional and functional specificity

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24

LTP

long-term potentiation; occurs after high synaptic activity; insert additional AMPA receptors

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25

LTD

long-term depression; occurs after low synaptic activity; internalization of AMPA receptors

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26

NDMA receptor

glutamate which allows influx of Ca+2

  • increased Ca+2 in post-synaptic dendrites produces LTP

  • Ca+2 produces protein phosphate products LTD

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27

critical periods of learning

temporal window during development in which environmental factors influence formation of synaptic connection and circuit function

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28

plasticity as it relates to drugs

cocaine induces plasticity of dendrites; increased plasticity may be part of basis for addiction

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29

X-ray

shows bone not brain

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30

brain imaging

technology that allows us to see the brain

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31

Computed (Axial) Tomography Scanner

CAT or CT scan; resolution: several mm

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32

(functional) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner

fMRI or MRI; resolution: <1mm; strength of fMRI measured in Teslas

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33

neuromodulation

transdisciplinary field focused on treating nervous system disorders with technological interventions at an appropriate neural interface that provides a therapeutic response

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34

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

used for Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, dystonia

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35

transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)

noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells

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36

optogenetics

light-sensitive channels

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