2025 IGCSE - Animal Nutrition

Balanced DIet

The consumption of a variety of foods in correct portions for optimal health

Carbohydrates

Energy

Fats

Absorption

Proteins

Muscle

Vitamin C

Immunity

Vitamin D

Bone health

Iron

Red blood cells

Fibre

Regularity

Starvation

Can cause malnutrition

Constipation

Caused by lack of dietary fibre

Coronary Heart Disease

Caused by high cholesterol levels

Obesity

Caused by imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure

Scurvy

Caused by vitamin C deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency

Caused by lack of sun exposure

Iron deficiency can lead to…

Anemia, fatigue and pale skin

Ingestion

The taking of substances into the body through the mouth

Digestion

The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules through mechanical and chemical processes

Absorption

The movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

Egestion

The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed as feces, through the anus

Alimentary Canal

Mouth, Salivary Glands, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Pancreas, Liver, Gall Bladder, Large Intestine, Anus

Mechanical Digestion

Breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

Chemical DIgestion

The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules

Amalayse

Found in the salivary glands and small intestine, breaks down starch into simpler sugars

Protease

Found in the stomach and small intestine, breaks down protein into amino acids

Lipase

Found in the small intestine and stomach, breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Hydrochloric Acid

Kills bacteria that have been ingested with food and creates acidic pH for enzymes