Criminology Test 3

What do consensus theories emphasize in society?

They place consensus of values at the center of society, suggesting that social order occurs through the internalization of norms reflected by the law.

What is the role of the organized state according to consensus theories?

It is the responsibility of the organized state (government) to deal with conflict.

How does law function in consensus theories?

Law reflects the needs of social order, is impersonal, and represents public rather than private interests, and is a neutral mechanism that helps people resolve conflict.

What are the values that consensus theories suggest are important for society?

Goodness, righteousness, and justice.

According to Austin Turk, what influences the criminalization process (consensus-coercion)?

Criminalization occurs through the interaction between those who enforce the law and those who violate it, influenced by social factors like cultural norms, organization level, power differentials, and realism of actions.

What is the relationship between organization and crime according to Turk?

The more organized and less sophisticated a group is, the more likely crime will occur.

Give an example of an 'unrealistic' move in the context of law enforcement.

A motorist lighting up a joint while riding next to a highway patrol.

What is Quinney's first proposition regarding crime?

Crime is defined as human conduct created by authorized agents in a politically organized society.

What does Quinney's second proposition state about criminal definitions?

Criminal definitions describe behaviors that conflict with the interests of powerful segments of society that shape political policy.

According to Quinney's third proposition, who applies criminal definitions?

Criminal definitions are applied by segments of society that have the power to shape the enforcement and administration of criminal law.

What does Quinney's fourth proposition suggest about unrepresented segments of society?

People in segments of society that are not represented in formulating and applying criminal definitions are more likely to be considered criminal.

What is the essence of Quinney's fifth proposition about crime?

The concept of crime is constructed within the broad construct of social reality.

How can Quinney's six propositions be summarized?

The five propositions can be accumulated into a composite understanding of crime.

What do conflict theories place at the center of society?

Conflicts of interest, particularly concerning money, power, and status.

How do interests influence values according to conflict theories?

Interests determine values; if something benefits an individual, it is assumed to be good, valuable, and just.

What does the law reflect in a conflict theory perspective?

The wants of those with enough power to pursue their self-interests.

How are individuals with less power viewed in conflict theories?

They are often seen as criminals.

What characterizes societies according to Marxism?

Class struggles based on the economic organization of society.

What is the significance of human potential in Marxism?

People are born with consciousness and the ability to put it into action.

What was the state of people in pre-capitalist societies according to Marx?

They were too busy surviving to develop higher capacities.

How does capitalism affect human potential according to Marxism?

It is exploitative and oppressive, making it impossible for people to reach their potential.

What is the labor theory of value in Marxism?

All value comes from labor, and labor power is the capacity to do labor through skills and knowledge.

What is the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

The bourgeoisie are the owners/capitalists, while the proletariat are the workers who are exploited and do not profit from their efforts.

What is false consciousness in the context of Marxism?

It is when the proletariat believes that maintaining the capitalist system is in their best interest, rather than recognizing their exploitation.

What are the four types of alienation described by Marx?

1. Alienation from products, 2. Alienation from work tasks, 3. Alienation from human relations, 4. Alienation from adaptation.

How does Marxism view the government?

As fundamentally undemocratic, since it allows some people to profit from another person's labor.

What is surplus value in Marxist theory?

The difference in value of a product when sold and the value of the materials consumed in making it.

How do bureaucracies relate to Marxism?

All states have bureaucracies, and when people use them for private gains, it is considered undemocratic.

What is the role of judges in a Marxist perspective?

Judges are seen as biased, ensuring their verdicts benefit the wealthy more than the poor.

What is the proposed solution to the undemocratic nature of government in Marxism?

To get rid of the government and implement universal suffrage.

What is class consciousness in Marxism?

The ability of the proletariat to recognize their position in society and group together with common interests.

What barriers prevent the proletariat from achieving class consciousness?

Divisions in society, such as race and religion.

What does Marxism suggest about the relationship between capitalism and class conflict?

Capitalism is the fundamental basis of society, causing conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

How does capitalism reduce human activities according to Marxism?

It reduces all activities to money and profits, limiting people's ability to live up to their human potential.

What is the impact of capitalism on technological advances according to Marx?

Capitalism allowed for technological advances to develop, but at a cost, including environmental damage and child labor.

What is the Marxist view on the satisfaction of the wage?

The wage is supposed to completely satisfy workers, but it often does not address their alienation.

What is the relationship between different classes in the context of conflict and profit maximization?

Conflict arises when different classes attempt to maximize their profits, usually with the bourgeoisie prevailing.

What happens if the bourgeoisie experiences a decline in power?

If prices are sliced and the bourgeoisie becomes the proletariat, they may be able to overthrow the bourgeoisie.

What is socialism according to the notes?

Socialism is characterized by equal distribution of wealth, no large division between classes, and individuals knowing their place in the system.

What is the progression of economic systems as described in the notes?

Capitalism > socialism > communism.

What is communism as defined in the notes?

Communism eliminates private property and promotes communal ownership, where everyone contributes to production and distribution.

How does Marx view crime in relation to class struggle?

Marx wrote little about crime, but it is viewed as a product of class struggle.

What role do laws play in capitalism according to the notes?

Laws maintain capitalism and control the proletariat, obscuring real power by presenting an illusion of equal power for all.

What is Colvin and Pauly's Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory?

It posits that structures of control are influenced by work, family, school, and peer groups, affecting socialization and discipline.

How do workplace experiences influence parental discipline according to the theory?

More unstable workplaces lead to more inconsistent parental discipline.

What is the relationship between school bonds and delinquent behavior?

Positive associations with school generally lead to lower crime rates.

What are stratified networks in the context of adolescent crime?

Groups of adolescents form based on socioeconomic standing, with both rich and poor committing more crime, solidified in the public school system.

What does Steven Spitzer say about capitalism and 'problem populations'?

The superculture of capitalism regulates 'problem populations' whose behaviors threaten social relations of production.

What are the two populations introduced by monopoly capitalism?

Social junk (passive individuals) and social dynamite (those questioning established relationships).

How do capitalists control the narrative around crime?

They label groups as criminal through media, diverting attention from the deviant behavior of the bourgeoisie.

What are the three intellectual traditions of peacemaking criminology?

Religion, feminist, and critical traditions.

What is the main goal of peacemaking criminology?

To achieve reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement rather than punishment.

What are the five basic elements of understanding crime in peacemaking criminology?

Social structure, crimes, social harms, the criminal justice system, and peacemaking alternatives.

What is the difference between retributive and restorative justice?

Retributive justice focuses on punishment and public vengeance, while restorative justice emphasizes shared values and a multi-sided approach.

Why is it important to understand the interconnections in crime according to peacemaking criminology?

Understanding interconnections leads to a more complete understanding of crime and humane ways to address it.

What is the optimistic view of society in relation to crime?

Society can be reorganized to result in human reactions conducted in a humane manner.

How does the concept of equality on paper relate to real-world inequality?

Equality on paper allows society to ignore the practical inequalities that exist.

What is the impact of peer associations on delinquent behavior?

Peer associations mediate between delinquent behavior and control structures of family and school, influencing youths' values and experiences.

What does the balanced approach in criminology emphasize?

It emphasizes the victim, the community, and the offender, addressing accountability, offender rehabilitation, and community safety.

How does the balanced approach differ from retributive justice?

It is more inclusive as it considers not only the offender but also the victim and the community.

What is the criticism of Marxism in relation to crime?

It fails to address crime in socialist countries and crimes of violence against the lower class.

What does the square of crime represent?

It illustrates that crime occurs at the intersection of victims, offenders, the state, and public opinion.

What is green criminology focused on?

It identifies and explains how humans harm the environment, including issues like water pollution and wildlife trafficking.

How does green criminology differ from traditional criminology?

It expands the focus beyond street crimes to include ecological crimes.

What is political economic green criminology?

It views green crimes and injustices as a byproduct of capitalistic pressures.

What are the three major waves of feminism?

The first wave focused on suffrage and social reforms, the second wave emphasized economic opportunities and sexual freedom, and the third wave accommodated diversity and change.

What significant event is associated with the first wave of feminism?

The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

What was a key focus of the second wave of feminism?

Achieving equal access to economic opportunities and questioning women's roles in criminal justice.

What does the term 'sex' refer to in feminist theory?

Biological characteristics such as reproductive hormones or organs.

What is the definition of 'gender' in the context of feminist theories?

Social definitions of what it means to be a 'woman' or a 'man'.

What do chivalry and paternalism imply about women?

They suggest that women need protection because they are seen as weak and helpless.

How does patriarchy manifest in society according to feminist theories?

It represents the subordinate role of women and male dominance.

What is the traditional perspective on gender inequality?

It attributes gender inequality to biological sex differences and does not propose strategies for social change.

What is liberal feminism based on?

Political liberalism, emphasizing liberty, equality, justice, and individual rights.

What are the two types of liberal feminism?

Classical, which supports limited government and free market, and welfare, which favors government involvement in social services.

What does radical feminism emphasize?

The importance of personal feelings and experiences, viewing gender as a system of male dominance.

What is considered the first form of human oppression according to radical feminism?

Sexism.

What are the two types of radical feminism?

Libertarian, advocating for androgyny, and cultural, advocating for strict femininity.

What role did Sojourner Truth play in the women's rights movement?

She helped expand the movement to include working-class black women.

What was a key concern of the third wave of feminism?

To give a voice to women who were previously unrepresented in earlier waves.

What is the impact of green crimes compared to street crimes?

Green crimes may have a wider negative impact, such as contributing to global warming.

What does ecological Marxism relate to in green criminology?

It connects green crimes and injustices to capitalistic influences.

What does Marxist feminism emphasize regarding gender inequality?

It places gender in the context of production methods, attributing the causes of gender inequality to hierarchical relations of control linked to private property and ownership among men.

How does socialist feminism differ from Marxist feminism?

Socialist feminism attempts to synthesize radical and Marxist feminism, focusing on gender, class, and racial relations of domination, and considers both class and gender as primary factors in oppression.

What is a key tenet of postmodern feminism?

Postmodern feminism rejects traditional assumptions about truth and reality, emphasizing the plurality, diversity, and multiplicity of women's experiences distinct from men.

What is ecofeminism's main concern?

Ecofeminism views the domination of women, minority groups, animals, and the earth as the essential problem, rather than solely patriarchy.

What issues do global and postcolonial feminist perspectives explore?

They critically examine the impact of development, patriarchal religions, international trafficking in women, and the Westernization of the Third World.

What dichotomy do traditional theories of female crime impose on women?

They categorize women into 'either/or' roles such as the 'madonna/*****' dichotomy.

How have Black women been uniquely affected by societal perceptions of female roles?

Black women have not experienced the 'madonna/*****' dichotomy; instead, they are often viewed through stereotypes like the matriarch, Amazon, and Sinister Sapphire.

What did Lombroso suggest about the physical attributes of female offenders?

He noted that prostitutes often lack wrinkles but may have moles, hairiness, large jaws, and cranial depressions, suggesting a link between physical traits and criminality.

What biological differences did William I Thomas attribute to males and females?

He suggested that males are katabolic (active and dynamic) while females are anabolic (passive and motionless), influencing their behaviors.

What are the four desires identified by William I Thomas that influence criminal behavior?

The desires for new experience, security, response, and recognition.

How did Freud perceive female inferiority?

Freud viewed women as anatomically inferior and believed that a girl's envy of the male penis leads to neurotic behavior as she tries to compensate by seeking beauty.

What was Otto Pollack's view on female criminality?

Pollack argued that women are more criminal in nature than perceived, suggesting that female criminality is often masked by deceitfulness.

What is the 'add-and-stir' approach in feminist critiques of crime analysis?

It involves using existing male-centered theoretical perspectives and adding women's experiences, though this may still marginalize or ignore women's unique experiences.

What role does environmental factors play in female offending according to William I Thomas?

Environmental factors are considered important alongside biological differences in influencing female offending.

What are the implications of women being assumed to have gender traits of their sex?

When women commit crimes, they are often viewed as deviating from their 'true nature,' leading to assumptions about their criminality being pathological.

What is the significance of the 'madonna/*****' dichotomy in traditional theories of female crime?

It reflects societal expectations that limit women's roles and contribute to negative stereotypes about female behavior.

How does the concept of patriarchal capitalism relate to socialist feminism?

Socialist feminism argues that patriarchal capitalism contributes to the oppression of women by intertwining class and gender relations.

What does the term 'hidden female criminality' refer to in Pollack's theory?

It refers to the idea that women's criminal behavior is often overlooked or underestimated due to societal perceptions of femininity.