Brain plasticity

What is neuroplasticity?

The capacity of the brain to modify and rearrange the organization of its neuron networks, providing the foundation for learning, memory formation, and adaptation to environmental challenges.

During which stage of life is the brain most plastic?

Early development.

What happens to axons and dendrites throughout a person's lifetime?

They continue to modify their structure and connections.

What is the significance of dendrite spines?

The gain and loss of spines indicates new connections, which relates to learning.

What is focal hand dystonia?

A condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far, leading to difficulties in hand control.

What does extensive practice of a skill do to the brain?

It reorganizes the brain to maximize performance of that skill.

What type of plasticity does neuroplasticity encompass?

Synaptic plasticity, which includes both structural and functional changes.

What is Hebb’s rule?

'Cells that fire together, wire together'—referring to the relationship between the repeated activation of neurons.

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A prolonged increase in synaptic strength resulting from activity, often following Hebb's rule.

What role do NMDA receptors play in LTP?

They are usually required for long-term potentiation in the brain.

What two areas of the brain are involved in neurogenesis?

The hippocampus and subventricular zone.

What occurs during the process of neurogenesis?

The generation of new neurons, which is important for learning and memory.

How many new cells can be produced each day through neurogenesis?

About 9,000 cells.

What factors can increase neurogenesis?

Glutamate, exercise, and social interactions.

What can decrease neurogenesis?

Chronic stress and isolated housing.

What type of brain injury is known for causing issues with oxygen supply?

Ischemic stroke.

What is the Kennard principle?

Early injury to the brain leads to better functional outcomes than injuries sustained later in life.

What is the phenomenon of phantom limb?

The continuation of sensation from an amputated body part.

What is diaschisis?

Decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.

What is a common cause of brain damage?

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), strokes, tumors.

What is the primary challenge after brain damage regarding neural connections?

Regrowth of neurons in the CNS is very limited.

What role do glia cells have after CNS damage?

They release chemicals that inhibit axon growth.

What is constraint-induced therapy?

A rehabilitation method that forces the use of an impaired limb to improve its function.

What happens when the brain re-maps after injury?

Other axons will sprout and take over lost functions.

What is the effect of exercise on neurogenesis?

It increases the production of new neurons.

What is a characteristic of hemorrhagic stroke?

It results from a ruptured artery and floods neurons with excess blood.

How does early intervention affect brain damage outcomes?

It is crucial for limiting damage.

What do research studies suggest about learning and memory?

Forms of neuroplasticity, such as LTP and neurogenesis, play roles in these processes.

What is the relationship between synaptic strength and learning?

Alterations in synaptic strength through processes like LTP are the basis of ongoing learning and improvement.