PSYCH CHAPTER1

what is psychology?

study of behaviour (what you do) + mental process (what you think/feel)

what are the steps for the scientific method?

Observe, Hypothesis, Predict, Test, Conclude, Evaluate

What are the two cognitive biases?

Confirmation bias + Hindsight bias

Confirmation Bias

looking for proof that you’re right

Hindsight Bias

assuming that you already knew the outcome of an event after it has happened

Wilhelm Wundt

• the father of psychology

• founded 1st research lab, 1879

Edward Titchener

• Studied structuralism (understanding the structure of the mind) using introspection

• student of Wilhelm Wundt

• Parts of the mind

William James

• considered the father of American psychology

• Studied functionalism (understanding how mental processes help people adapt to their environment)

• Purpose of the mind

the 7 major approaches

• Biological

• Behaviourism

• Psychodynamic

• Humanistic

• Cognitive

• Evolutionary

• Socio-Cultural

Biological Approach

• brain

• nerves

• normones

behavioural approach

only observable behaviour

psychodynamic approach

• unconscious mind

• eg: freud, id, superego, iceberg

humanistic approach

• growth

• free will

• eg: maslow, rogers

cognitive approach

• thinking

• memory

• problem solving

evolutionary approach

• survival

• natural selection

socio-cultural approach

• culture

• society

• environment

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

• self actualization

• esteem

• love and belonging

• safety needs

• physiological needs

Behaviour

what you do

mental process

what you feel/think

id

wants and desires

superego

internalized moral standards

ego

• rational decision making part of a personality

• balance

why is psychology considered a science?

• relies on evidence and not personal opinions

• uses systematic observation and experiments

four key points in natural selection

• variation

• inheritance

• selection

• adaptation

variation

individuals differ in traits

inheritance

traits passed to offspring

selection

traits that improve in survival are more likely to persist

adaptation

traits become common because they help with survival and reproduction

three key women in psychology

• Mary Whiton Calkins

• Margaret Floy Washburn

• Karen Horney

Mary Whiton Calkins

• memory research

• first female APA president

• denied Harvard PhD

Margaret Floy Washburn

• first woman to earn a psychology PhD

• studied animal behaviour

Karen Horney

• challenged Freud

• emphasized social/cultural factors in personality

biopsychological model

• suggests behaviour is influenced by biological. psychological, and social factors

• behaviour can be studied at multiple levels (cells, brain,

  individual, society)