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What is communication?
an exchange of ideas between senders and recievers, message transmission and response feedback
What is a communication disorder?
affects any and all aspects of communication (hearing, language and speech)
Speech is associated with the _____ of speaking
quality
What is a speech disorder?
An atypical production of speech sounds or absence of voice quality , such as an interruption in flow of speaking
What is an example of a fluency / speech disorder?
stuttering
What is Language?
a shared code for communication - symbolic system that follows certain rules, grammar, and expressive language
What is a Central Auditory Processing Disorder?
one can hear sound, but can not process speech information (deficits in processing info from audible sounds) - can’t process menaing
what is Augmentative / Alternative communication?
it is used to compensate and facilitate for impaired communication using different methods, such as sign language
What is an Audiologist?
a specialist who measures hearing ability and identify, asses, manage, and prevent disorders of hearing and balance
what are the credentials of an Audiologist?
education beyond a bachelors degree — such as a masters degree, must have a doctorate (audiolgy, physiology, or education), supervised clinical experience, pass national exam, certificate in audiology
What is a speech pathologist?
a professional who provides an assortment of services that relate to communicative disorders (recptively and expressively)
What are the credentials of a speech pathologist?
masters or doctoral degree, public school certification (basic and advanced corusework), - clincial practice within school setting, ceertificate of clinical competence in Speech-Language Patholgoy, different licenses depending on state
What is a speech scientist?
they do basic research in anatomy, physiology, and physics of speech-sound production.
What do speech scientist exactly do?
they look into causes , prevention, and treatment of speech impairments
What is a language scientist?
they investigate the ways children learn language and do cross cultural studies of language and communciation
What are related professionals that can contribute to a team approach?
family members, physical therapist, music therapist, psychologist, occupational therapist, teachers and educators
What is service through the lifespan?
infants are screened for hearing loss and other disabilities at birth (auditorial signal checked). Interdiscpinary approaches are taken, IFSP are plans for infants with communication disorders
What is a language disorder?
impairments in comprehensions / use of spoken, written and/or other symbols (sign language, korean symbols)
Who are related professionals (to SLPs and Audiologist)?
Family members, physical therapist, music therapist, psychologist and occupation therapist
What is the service through lifespan?
Infants are screened for hearing loss and other disabilities, (babies and toddlers may exhibit developmental delay) and interdiscplinary approach is necessary. Early intervention in schools for kids. SLPS are at schools.
What is a TBI? (Traumatic Brain Injury)
damage to the brain from a blow to the head that can effect speech, language, thinking, and swallowing problems
What is evidence-based practice?
clinical decision making, efficacy, effectiveness, and effiecieny
What is clinical decision making in evidence-based practice?
scientific evidence, clinical experience, and client needs
What is efficacy in evidence-based practice?
the ideal condition; probability of benefit from intervention or treatment under ideal conditions
What is effectiveness in evidence-based practice?
outcome of real word application of the treatment for individual clients or subgroups “what works”
What is efficiency in evidence-based practice?
quick, effective methods bringing greatest positive change
what is the history of communication disorders?
special residences in the late 1700s
When was The Voice established?
1879
When was ASHA founded
1925
When did audiology boom? and why?
It boomed during WWII because of the bombs and big booms
What are the means of communication?
language, grammar, linguistics, generative, dynamic
What is language?
socially shared tool used to represent concepts: symbols arbitrary (look different but all within language)
What is grammar?
rules of language
What is linguistic intuition?
recognition of “right” and “work” grammar by native speakers
What is generative?
each utterance is freshly created (you can make up new words or sentences or words whenever you want)
What is dynamic?
language can chnage over time
What are the 3 components of language?
use, form, and content
What does form consistent of?
phonology, phonotactic rules, morphology, morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, and syntax
What is phonology?
it is the sound system of language
What is phonotactic rules?
how sounds may be arranged in words (think of italicized words in a passage)
What is morphology?
the structure of words
What are morphemes?
smallest grammatical unites, such as girl
What are bound morphemes?
they change the meaning of original words and can only be attached to free morphemes (example: fly vs. flying)
What is syntax?
how words are arranged in a sentence and the ways in which one word may affect the other
What does content consist of?
semantics and semantic features
What is semantics?
content or meaning of language; meaning and interpretation of words signs, and sentence structures
What is semantic features?
pieces of meaning that define a particular word
What does use consist of?
pragmatics?
What is pragmatics?
refers to how and why we use language, pragmatic use vary with culture); it determines (what specific words are used to get what specific point across)
What is speech?
Acoustic representation of language
What is articulation?
the way speech sounds are formed
what is fluency?
smooth, forwardW flow of communication, influenced by rhythm and rate
What is voice?
pitch, habitual pitch (the tone someone uses most of the time), and intonation (pitch movement with utterance)
What is nonverbal communication?
suprasegmentals and nonvocal and nonlinguistic communication
What are the different types of nonverbal communications?
artifacts, kinesics (implicit and explicit), space and time (proxemics, tactiles, and chronemics)
What are artifacts?
how you look, your clothes, and possesions, music you listen to, they communicate to a person about who you are
What is kinesics?
body language
What is explicit kinesics?
clearly defined (a nod yes or no)
What is implicit kinesics?
movements are more general or subtle
What is proxemics?
physical distance between people
What are tactiles?
touching behaviors
What is chronemics?
effect of time on communications
What are things to be considered of communication disorders?
severity, etiology, congenital, acquired
What is etiology?
cause/origin of problem
What is congenital?
present at birth
What does acquired mean?
result of an illness, accident, or environmental cirumstances
What is a disorder of form?
errors in sound use (phonology), incorrect use past tense or plural markers (morphology), incorrect word order and run-on sentences (syntax),
What can possible contribute to disorders in form?
sensory limitations, perceptual difficulties, limited exposer to correct models
What is disorders of content?
limited vocabualry, misuse of words, word-finding problems, difficulty understanding and using absract language
What can possible contribute to disorder in content?
limited experience, concrete learning style, strokes, head trauma, or illness
What is disorders of use?
difficulty staing on topic, providing inappropiate or incongruent responses to questions, or continually interrupting
what can disorder of use stem from?
limited or unnacceptable conversational, social, narrrative skills,
What is articulation?
actual production of speech sounds
What is dysarthia?
caused by paralysis, weakness, or poor coordination of the speech musculature
what is apraxia?
due to neuromotor progamming difficulties
What are developmental disfluency?
speech patters common to young children
What are fillers
“er” “um”
What are prolongations?
excessivley long duration “wwwwellll”
Can deafness be acquired or congenital?
both
What is conductive hearing loss?
damage to outer/middle ear
What is sensorinerual hearling loss?
damage to inner ear (cochlear)
What is mixed hearing loss?
conductive+sensorineueral
What is prevelance and defining problem?
number or percentage of people within specified population who have particular disorder/conditon
What is assessment of communication?
systematic process, obtaining information from many sources
What is a diagnosis?
distingishes individuals difficulties
what are assessment goals?
determine whats wrong
What is a prognosis?
preformed condition of outcome
what is diagnostics therapy?
working with the client over time to better determine strengths and weakness
What is a norm-referrence test?
rank students based onachievments, such as gold, silver and bronze, they take longer to complete (like the SAT) — standardized
what is a criterion - reference test?
students scores are usually given as a percentage, assess smaller number of students, developed by teacher
What are behavioral objectives?
actor, behavior, conditon, and degree
What are clinical elements?
direct teaching, behavior modification, stimulus, reinforcement, incedental teaching, counseling, family and envrionment, involevlment
What is behavior modification?
feedback
What is incedental teaching?
following the clients lead but teach along the way, using a child’s natural motivation
What is counecling?
supporting environmental and others in clients life
What is the most affective thing when it comes to treatment?
support groups!
What are measures of effectiveness?
post therapy test, follow ups, post treatment
What is generalization?
Take a skill and be able to perform it in another, and another place, and another
What is anatomy?
study of structure of the body and relations of structures to one another
What is physiology?
the function of the body structures
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