Chapter 19 Q&A

What are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system?

The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

Which side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit?

The right side of the heart.

Where does the pulmonary circuit receive blood from?

From the right ventricle.

Does the pulmonary circuit carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Deoxygenated blood.

Where does the pulmonary circuit deliver blood?

To the lungs.

Which side of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circuit?

The left side of the heart.

Where does the systemic circuit receive blood from?

From the left ventricle.

Does the systemic circuit carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Oxygenated blood.

Where does the systemic circuit deliver blood?

To the body.

What is the general shape of the heart?

size of fist

Where is the heart located?

In the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

To protect the heart and reduce friction during heartbeats.

What is the purpose of the chordae tendinae?

To anchor the heart valves and prevent backflow of blood.

How many chambers does the heart have?

Four chambers.

What are the heart valves?

Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve.

What is the purpose of the heart valves?

To ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart.

What is the path of blood flow through the heart?

From the body to the right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, and out to the body.

Which node serves as the heart's natural pacemaker?

The SA node.

What node takes over if the SA node fails?

The AV node.

Which ions are responsible for the pacemaker potential at the SA node?

Sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions.

What is the electrical conduction pathway of the heart?

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.

What are the steps of the cardiac cycle?

Atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole.

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.

How are chronotropic agents classified?

Positive (+) agents increase heart rate, while negative (-) agents decrease heart rate.

How do you calculate Stroke Volume?

Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume.

How are inotropic agents classified?

Positive (+) agents increase stroke volume, while negative (-) agents decrease stroke volume.

What factors affect stroke volume?

Pre-load, contractility, and afterload.

What is the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?

The more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the stronger the contraction during systole.

How would high blood pressure affect stroke volume?

It would decrease stroke volume because the heart must work harder against the pressure.

What kind of chest pain is associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Angina, which is often described as pressure, squeezing, or tightness in the chest.

What steps lead to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Atherosclerosis, plaque buildup, narrowing of arteries, reduced blood flow.

What is the relationship between Cardiac Output, Heart Rate, and Stroke Volume?

Cardiac Output depends on both Heart Rate and Stroke Volume.

What are the risks associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and family history.

P wave

Atrial Depolarization

PQ segment

Atril Systole

QRS complex

Ventricle Depolarization, Atrial repolarization

ST segment

Ventricular systole

T wave

Ventricle repolarization

“Lub”

Mitral and Tricuspid valves closing; S1

“dub”

aortic and pulmonary valves