Biology Unit (Painful and Torturous)

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

cellular respiration definition

The process of converting glucose into a form of energy (ATP) that is useable by cells

glycolysis

Begins initial breakdown of glucose

Occurs in the cytoplasm

Breaks glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules

Creates NADH from NAD+

Creates 2 ATP molecules

Does not require oxygen

pyruvate

The molecules created from the initial breakdown of glucose during glycolysis

cytoplasm

site of glycolysis

NAD+

molecule that brings electrons and H via NADH to the electron transport chain to create ATP

created during reactions that breakdown glucose

FAD

molecule that brings electrons and H via FADH2 to the electron transport chain to create ATP

created during reactions that breakdown glucose

aerobic cellular respiration

metabolic pathway that requires oxygen (Kreb's --> ETC); complete breakdown of glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

anaerobic cellular respiration

metabolic pathway that does not use oxygen (AKA fermentation); breakdown of pyruvate into lactic acid or alcohol and CO2

Kreb's cycle

AKA citric acid cycle

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion

completes the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide

generates NADH and FADH2 that carry H to the electron transport chain

creates 2 ATP

electron transport chain (ETC)

occurs along the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons that are passed across the membrane to create 32 ATP

oxygen is final electron acceptor to form water

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

the "energy currency of the cell"

the form of energy that is useable by cells

breaks into ADP when used by cells

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

accepts a phosphate group to store energy in the form of ATP

fermentation

anaerobic respiration

follows glycolysis and converts pyruvate into either alcohol and CO2 (yeast, bacteria) or lactic acid (muscles)

occurs in the cytoplasm

mitochondrion

site of aerobic cellular respiration

glucose in respiration

reactant that is broken down in first stage (glycolysis) into pyruvate

oxygen in respiration

reactant that is used to accept electrons in ETC

carbon dioxide in respiration

product of final breakdown of glucose in Kreb's cycle

water in respiration

product created from oxygen and electrons from ETC

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis definition

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in the bonds of a glucose molecule.

ENERGY ACQUIRING

light dependent reactions

series of reactions that uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

takes in H2O and gives off O2 as a waste product

occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplast

light independent reactions

AKA Calvin cycle or dark cycle

series of reactions that do not require light

uses CO2, and energy from ATP & NADPH to build glucose

occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

NADP+

molecule that transfers electrons Calvin cycle to build glucose

chloroplast

the site of photosynthesis

water in photosynthesis

reactant split during the light dependent reactions

carbon dioxide in photosynthesis

reactant that is used to build glucose in light independent reactions

glucose in photosynthesis

product that is built in the light independent reactions

molecule that stores chemical energy within the chemical bonds between the atoms

oxygen in photosynthesis

product that is formed in the light dependent reactions from the breakdown of water

autotroph

An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight and transform it into an organic molecule of glucose

AKA producer

Plants and plant-like protists

heterotroph

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms

AKA consumer

Animals, Fungi, animal-like protists, most bacteria

photosynthetic organisms

Plants

Plant-like protists

Some bacteria

Must contain a chloroplast or chlorophyll

respiration organisms

ALL organisms MUST perform some type of respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) to convert glucose into ATP

inputs of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

outputs of cellular respiration

Co2 and water

inputs of photosynthesis

Co@ and water

outputs of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen

energy is converted from what to what in the process of photosynethesis

sunlight to glucose

exothermic

heat is released

endothermic

heat is absorbed

cell differentiation/specialization

an immature, unspecialized (no job) cell develops into a specialized cell type (nerve, muscle, blood cell) with unique structure helping to build tissue

Integumentary System

Organs: skin ,hair, nails

FUNCTIONS: protects against pathogens; receives stimuli from the environment; helps control body temperature; produces vitamin D; removes some waste (sweat)

Skeletal System

Organs: bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages

FUNCTIONS: Creates framework of the body, protects internal organs, produces red blood cells, acts as levers for muscles to provide mobility, stores minerals

Muscular System

Organs: Cardiac Muscle, Skeletal Muscl and Smooth Muscle

FUNCTIONS: Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture & produces heat.

Nervous System

Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

FUNCTIONS: receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs.

Fast acting control system; provides communication throughout the body.

Endocrine System

Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid and adrenal glands.

FUNCTIONS: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Cardiovascular System

Organs: Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood

FUNCTIONS: The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes

Lymphatic System

Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen and Lymphatic Vessels

FUNCTIONS: Acts like a "drain" to remove the body's excess fluid and return portions to the blood. Contains lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that protect the body against disease.

Digestive System

Organs: mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestines,

colon= large intestines, and anus

FUNCTIONS: Breaking down food into simple nutrient form so that it can be utilized by the body and eliminate the waste from the body

Respiratory System

Organs: nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and alveoli.

FUNCTIONS:

A group of organs that work together to transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the blood and transfer carbon dioxide from the blood to the atmosphere.

Urinary System

Organs: 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder and 1 urethra

FUNCTIONS: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Reproductive System

Organs: ovaries, testes, uterus

FUNCTIONS: Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)

Purpose of mitosis

organisms' growth, damage repair, replacing dead cells

TERM

Interphase

DEFINITION

Major Phase of The Cell Cycle in which cells grow (G1), maintain normal activities (G0) and replicate DN (S), and get ready for division (G2).

Chromatid

Two chromosomes combined by a centromere

Chromosome

Condensed chromatin

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Cell cycle

An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell which includes cell division

TERM

Mitosis

DEFINITION

Major Stage of The Cell Cycle where the cell divides

46

How many chromosomes does a human have?

4

A parent cell with four chromosomes before mitosis, will have how many chromosomes after mitosis?

TERM

G0

DEFINITION

"Going to work"- the cell's normal everyday functions

TERM

SYNTHESIS

DEFINITION

DNA is replicated, aka copied

TERM

G1

DEFINITION

Cell organelles are copied and cell growth occurs

TERM

G2

DEFINITION

Materials needed for cell division are made.

TERM

Daugher cells

DEFINITION

Have the SAME AMOUNT OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE PARENT CELL

TERM

Check Point 1

DEFINITION

To make sure all organelles have been divided and there are no mutations

TERM

Check Point 2

DEFINITION

Check DNA for mutations

carbohydrate

main source of quick energy for most organisms

lipid

long-term energy storage; part of biological membranes; waterproof coverings/barriers

protein

Enzymes are an example of this macromolecule.

nucleic acid

store and transmit hereditary/genetic information

C,H,O,N

elements in protein

C,H,O

elements in carbohydrates and lipids

Disaccharide

2 sugar molecule, such as sucrose

Monosaccharide

1 sugar molecule, such as glucose

carbohydrate monomers

monosaccharides

protein monomers

amino acids

lipid monomers

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

monomers of nucleic acids are

nucleotides

C,H,O,N,P

Elements in Nucleic Acid

Macromolecules can also be called ?

polymers or biomolecules

monomer

the building block of a macromolecule

Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis)

The chemical process used to join monomers to make polymers

Examples of proteins

Keratin, muscles, meat, nuts, hemoglobin

Examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

stores genetic information

function nucleic acids

Examples of lipids

Waxy cuticle of plants, oils, butter, phospholipids

Polysaccharides

Made of many sugars

Polysaccharides examples

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Enzymes are

proteins that function as biological catalysts

Enzyme-substrate complex

Protein structural formula

nucleic acid structural formula

monosaccharide structural formula

polysaccharide structural formula

lipid structural formula

Atom

The basic building block of matter

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things