sociology - social change & collective behavior

deviance

behavior that departs from societal or group norms

negative deviance

behavior that under conforms to accepted norms

positive deviance

behavior that over conforms to social expectation

cost of deviance

• erodes trust

• can cause non-conforming behavior

benefit of deviance

helps teens become individuals

social control

ways to encourage conformity to society’s norms

internal social control

within the individual

external social control

based on social sanctions

social sanctions

rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms

positive sanctions

used to encourage conformity(awards, promotions, smiles of approval)

negative sanctions

used to stop socially unacceptable behavior(criticism, fines, imprisonment)

collective behavior

how people behave when they are untied by a single short-term goal

casual crowd

not emotional, gather briefly

expressive crowd

no long-term purpose, beyond unleashing emotion

acting crowd

engages in aggressive behavior

mob

emotional crowd ready to use violence for a specific purpose

riot

episode of largely random destruction and violence carried out by a crowd

theories of collective behavior

• contagion

• emergent norm

• convergence

contagion theory

members of crowd stimulate each other to higher and higher levels of emotion

emergent norm theory

theory stating that norms develop to guide crowd behavior

convergence theory

theory states that crowds are formed by people who deliberately congregate with like-minded others

social change

New societal behaviors with important long-term consequences

social processes

series of steps leading to change on societal level

social issue

social problem, an undesirable condition that people believe should be corrected

social activism

an intentional action with the goal of bringing about social change

functionalism

social stability and continuity

equilibrium

a state of functioning & balance, based on small adjustments & change in society

conflict perspective

struggles among groups for scarce resources

scarce resources

a resource that is limited or in short supply

social movements

movement whose goal is to promote or prevent social change

3 characteristics of social movements

• large scale

• leadership

• depth

revolutionary movements

attempts to change the total structure of society

reformative movements

attempts to make limited changes to society

redemptive movements

seeks to change individual people compeltely

alternative movements

focuses on bringing about limited changes for individuals

resource mobilization theory

social movements that focuses on the use of resources to achieve goals

value-added theory

certain conditions must exist for social movements to occur

six value-added process

1. social conduciveness

2. structural strains

3. generalized beliefs

4. precipitating factors

5. mobilization of participants for action

6. social control

structural strains

conflicts within a society

generalized beliefs

general recognition that something should be done

precipitating factors

one or more significant events occur to galvanize people

mobilization of participants for action

mass demonstrations can have an effect

social control

ineffective social control against change