BIO 201 PVCC TEST 1

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

Physiology

Study of function and the science of body work, learn by scientific experiment

visceral

lining of an organ

atomic number

Number of protons

Exchange reaction

Bonds are both made and broken

AB + CD = AD + CB

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

mitochondria

ATP production from food fuels and powerhouse

tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

structural elements of connective tissue

ground substance, fibers, cells

Skeletal muscle

multinucleate; long fibers; cannot replicate causes body movement; voluntary

Principle Complementary Structure and function

Function determines structure

Ex: Bone is for movement

role of electron in chemical bonding

transferring of electrons

Anatomy

The study of the structure and shape of the body, learn by observation

6 Levels of structural Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism ....Clowns can take off socks outside

Necessary Life function

1. Organization

2. Responsiveness

3. Movement

4. Growth

5. Differentiation

6. Metabolism

7. Digestion

8. Excretion

9. Reproduction

10. Survival instincts

Homeostasis

-ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

-The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostatic control mechansims

variable, sensor, control center, effector(glands or muscles)

Survival Needs

water, oxygen, food, pressure, heat

Anatomical position requirements

1) Body erect

2) Feet slightly apart

3) Palms facing forward

4) Thumbs point away from body

Body planes

Frontal: cut long way, mid-sagital (medial) Transverse

superior

above; toward the head

inferior

below, towards the feet

anterior

in front

posterior

behind

medial

middle

lateral

away from the middle

proximal

toward the core of the body

distal

away from the core of the body

superficial

toward the surface of the body

deep

further within the body

parietal

refers to the lining of a cavity

positive feedback loop

Causes a system to change further in the same direction.

- Output unhandled original stimulus. Rarer in the body than negative feedback

Ex. Blood clotting

negative feedback loop

This causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

- maintains constancy of internal environment

- reaction is opposite to stimuli input

Ex. House thermostat

Potential Energy

energy not in motion but has potential

Kinetic energy

Energy in motion or action

Chemical energy

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.

mechanical energy

Kinetic or potential energy associated with the direct movement of matter

electrical energy

Energy caused by the movement of electrons.

radiant energy

Energy that travels in waves

structure of an atom

Protons, neutrons, electrons

matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

energy

Capacity to do work: to put matter into motion

atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

atom

Smallest particle of an element

molecule

chemical bonding together of 2 or more like atoms

compound

chemical bonding of two or more different atoms

covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

non polar covalent bonds

when electrons in a bond are shared equally; will not dissolve in water; lipids(fats)

polar covalent bonds

Bonds in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms of different elements in a compound; will not dissolve in water

Ionic bonds

electrons from 1 atom are transferred to another atom. Gain or loss of electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Bonds or attractions formed between molecules

• bond between electropositive and electronegative ends of molecules

• formed in polar covalent molecules

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

the process in which chemical bonds are broken and/or formed

Synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound

Decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

Factors influencing the rate of reactions

temperature, particle size, concentration, catalysit, PH

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipids, Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) ATP

carbohydrate

fuel for energy; monosaccharides( fructose, glucose, and galactose)

Disaccharides( sucrose, lactose, maltose) 2 mono linked together

polysaccharides (glycogen, starch) multiple glucose chains

lipids

fats; triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

• All are insoluble in water

• Provide energy, protection, insulation

proteins

large molecules composed of amino acids provides structure (10-30% of cell mass) compose enzymes and antibodies

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

- also the largest molecule in the body

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work

• derived from the combustion of

carbohydrate, protein, or lipid

microvilli

Increase surface area

cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

function of cell membrane

separate internal structures from extracellular matrix; selectively permiable

organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.

endocytosis

movement of material from outside cell to inside

phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

exocytosis

movement of material from inside to outside

simple diffusion

passive movement from a high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy. CHANNEL PROTEINS

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

primary active transport

Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.

secondary active transport

often utilizes symport proteins

filtration

passive process forces fluid through membrane; high pressure to low pressure

protein synthesis

DNA contains the blueprint for protein formation; RNA transfers the blueprint to the endoplasmic reticulum

mitosis

Cell's division (PMAT) of the nucleus. Final product is 2 cells that are exactly like the parent cell.

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

lysosomes

A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.

ribosome

manufacture of protein

rough endoplasmic reticulum

has ribosomes; site of protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lacks ribosomes; sex hormone reproduction; synthesis of cholestoral

golgi apparatus

alters proteins; A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

anucleate cell

A cell without a nucleus.

hypotonic

cell expands; decreased osmolality-CYTOLYSIS

hypertonic

cells shrink; increased osmolality-CRENATION

transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

translation

(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

histology

Study of tissues

4 types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

simple epithelium

Single layer of cells; contains microvilli and cilia; function diffusion,secretion, and filtration

types of simple epithelium

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar

stratified epithelium

several layers of cells; cannot absorb;function protective;regenerates from basil layer and pushes cells apically

types of stratified epithelium tissue

Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar epithelia, transitional epithelium

glandular epithelium

Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances.

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, retains their ducts

- 3 means of secretion: merocrine, holocrine, apocrine