UTS midterm

Psychology

The study of how our minds work and how they influence our actions. It helps us understand our thoughts and behaviors better.

Sense of Self

The way a person thinks about and views his or her traits,

beliefs and purpose within the world.

Sigmund Freud

Has a theory about the unconscious and also, about sexual development.

ID, EGO, SUPER EGO

FREUD’S PERSONALITY COMPONENTS

ID

-Operates on the pleasure principle.

-It focuses on immediate gratification or satisfaction of its needs.

-Too much leads to impulsive behavior.

EGO

-Operates using the reality principle.

-It is aware that others have also needs to meet.

-It is practical since it reasons and considers the best response to situations.

SUPER EGO

-It embodies a person’s moral aspect ; operates on the morality principle.

-It is likened to conscience because it exerts influence on what one considers right or wrong.

The Unconscious, The Conscious, The Subconscious, Nonconscious

TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL

The Unconscious

-Most of what influences us.

-Influences our thinking, feeling, and doing in perhaps dramatic ways.

Teacher's examples: Traumas - "Why am I afraid?"

The Conscious

-All that we are aware of.

-Only comprises a very small part of who we are.

-Hidden and out of reach.

The Subconscious

Part of us that we can reach if prompted but it is not our active conscious. (some things trigger it)

Nonconscious

All that we are not aware of, have not experienced, and have not been made part of our personalities. (you're literally not aware)

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of psychology

William James

IDK

leads to impulsive behavior.

what happens if the id is dominant?

Easily taken advantage of

what happens if the superego is dominant?

indecisiveness

what happens if the ego is dominant?

William James

He defined psychology as the study of consciousness, believing it is what makes mental life possible. He aimed to understand how human consciousness helps people survive and adapt to their environment. (external self - Freud was internal)

I and Me

Two aspects of the self: according to William James

I (Self-as-a-subject)

-"The thinker does the thinking."

-Pure ego (It isn’t an object like hair, clothes, or reputation; it’s the ongoing sense of being the subject.)

-Knows who he is and what he has done in his life.

Outside teacher’s explanation:

-It is a subjective self that is aware of its own actions - the performer of the action

Me (Self-as-an-object)

-"The empirical me." (observation)

-Separate object or individual a person refers to when describing his personal experience. (Naka kita kog kulog, kulot sad baya ko)

Outside teacher’s explanation:

-It is the self that is an object or the self you can describe.

“They think of me as ugly.” “They think of me as friendly.” “They think of me as religious. “

1. The material self

2. The social self

3. The spiritual self

James Theory of the Self

The material self

The core of the blank is the body. Blank, as described by William James, refers to the physical possessions and relationships a person considers as part of their identity. These include the body, clothing, family, home, and other personal belongings, which reflect and express who the individual is. (external - everything you can call your own)

The social self

Represent the different ways we behave based on the social contexts we find ourselves in. For instance, a person might act formally and reserved at work with their boss, but be relaxed and informal when hanging out with friends, showing that we adapt behavior to fit various social situations. (different personas)

The spiritual self

For William James, blank represents who we truly are at our core, encompassing aspects like personality, values, and conscience that remain stable throughout life. He believed that deeply understanding this inner self, through introspection and self-reflection, is more fulfilling than focusing on social status or material possessions. (your core, the voice inside yourself = internal > values and principles)

Western culture

Individualistic

Emphasizes the individual

Western Culture’s focus

Loose associations, less loyalty to groups

Western Culture’s group relations

Straightforward and forceful

Western Culture’s communication style

competitive, promoting fair competition

Western Culture’s decision making

Emphasis on individual equality and rising above others

Western Culture’s values

Focus: Emphasizes the individual

Western Culture:
People value personal goals, independence, and self-expression over the needs of the group. Success is often measured by personal achievements rather than group accomplishments.

Example: A student chooses a career path in art even if their family prefers business because they prioritize their own passion and identity.

Group relations: Loose associations, less loyalty to groups

Western Culture:
Individuals tend to join groups temporarily and may leave when their personal interests are no longer served. Loyalty to organizations, communities, or even extended families is weaker compared to personal goals.

Example: An employee resigns from a company after receiving a better job offer elsewhere, showing less obligation to stay out of loyalty.

Communication style: Straightforward and forceful

Western Culture:
People are encouraged to express their opinions directly, even if it may sound blunt or confrontational. Honesty and clarity are valued more than preserving harmony in conversations.

Decision making: competitive, promoting fair competition

Western Culture:
People are encouraged to make choices that highlight their strengths and give them an advantage over others. Competition is seen as healthy because it motivates individuals to improve and prove their capabilities. (it means making each other improve using their strengths)

Values: Emphasis on individual equality and rising above others

Western Culture:
Society promotes the idea that everyone has equal rights and opportunities, regardless of background. At the same time, individuals are encouraged to strive harder to stand out and achieve personal success.

Eastern Culture

Collectivistic

Emphasizes the group and social relations

Eastern culture’s focus

Focus: Emphasizes the group and social relations

In collectivistic cultures, the well-being of the group is prioritized over individual desires. People find identity and purpose in harmony within their families, communities, or workplaces.

Strong loyalty to groups

Eastern culture’s group relations

Group relations: Strong loyalty to groups

Members of a group, such as family, friends, or organizations, are expected to remain loyal and supportive. Betraying or abandoing a group is seen as dishonorable and damaging to relationships.

More compromising, indirect, hoping for understanding

Eastern culture’s communication style

Communication style: More compromising, indirect, hoping for understanding

People often communicate in ways that avoid confrontation and preserve harmony. Subtle hints, tone of voice, and nonverbal cues are used to express meaning rather than blunt words.

Values cooperation, emphasis on hierarchy for harmony

Eastern culture’s decision making

Decision making: Values cooperation, emphasis on hierarchy for harmony

In collectivistic cultures, decisions are often made with group consensus in mind. Prioritizing cooperation over competition. Respect for elders or leaders plays a key role, as their authority helps maintain unity and order.

Example: mananghid daan before mo lakaw

Emphasis on maintaining harmony and order within the group

Eastern culture’s values

Values: Emphasis on maintaining harmony and order within the group

Group stability is more important than individual ambition, so actions are guided by what will preserve peace. Avoiding conflict and showing respect for traditions are central to maintaining good relationships.

Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

Religious beliefs 

Confucianism (Code of ethical conduct)

Emphasizes a moral framework that teaches people how to live with integrity, respect, and responsibility. It provides rules of behavior that shape personal character and guide interactions within society.

Example: a student shows respect by bowing to their teacher and listening attentively, reflecting proper conduct taught by Confucian values.

Guide's how people should act in their relationships for a harmonious social life - the philosophy stresses the importance of fulfillng one's role in family, community, and society to create order and peace. Harmony is achieved when everyone understands their duties and behaves according to respect, loyalty, and kindness.

Taoism

Living in harmony with the TAO (universe) - It teaches that people should align themselves with the natural flow of the universe rather than resist it. By following the universe, one finds peace, balance, and simplicity in life.

Rejects fixed definitions, seeing the Tao as free-flowing, relative, unified, and paradoxical - The Tao cannot be strictly defined because it represents the ever-changing interconnected essence of life. It embraces flexibility, paradox, and openness to multiple truths rather than rigid rules.

Yin and yang is under Taoism.

Universe

What is Tao?

Buddhism

Sees the self as an illusion - it teaches the idea of a permanent, unchanging self not real; instead, we are constantly changing through experiences and conditions. Clinging to the illusion of "self" creates attachment and prevents true understanding.

Self arises from ignorance and a desire to control, leading to suffering - suffering comes from ignorance of reality and the constant craving to satisfy desires or control outcomes. By letting go of attachment and practicing mindfulness, one can reduce suffering and find peace. (letting go of the unneeded baggage)

(Culture > (Society (everyone around you) > (Self (you're influenced)

The three circles

Others-awareness

Empathy > mindful of your surroundings

Confucianism

Following the book of Confucius - code of ethics