Mendelian Genetics Test

What are Mendels conclusions about inheritance?

-inheritance follows predictable patterns rather than blending traits randomly

-each parent contributes one allele (a version of a gene) to their offspring

Dominant

An allele that is always expressed (capital letter)

Recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present (lower case letter)

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (HH or hh)

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (Hh)

Hybrid:

(another word for heterozygous)

Pure

(another word for homozygous)

Genotypes

genetic makeup of an organism- the allele (Gg or gg)

Genotypic ratio

the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring

Phenotypes

Physical expressions of genetic trait

Phenotypic ratio

the ratio of phenotypes that could appear in offspring. (3:1)

Punnet square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

What is the purpose of the test cross?

To determine the genotype of an unknown dominant phenotype

What is the P generation

parental generation

What is the F1 generation?

offspring of the P generation

What is the F2 generation?

offspring of the F1 generation

Monohybrid cross:

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

Dihybrid cross:

Cross or mating between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits

What is a sex-linked trait?

A trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent.

What is an autosomal trait?

A trait associated with a gene on a non-sex chromosome (both genders can have it)

What is the allele for male sex linked traits

X and Y

What is the allele for female sex linked traits

X and X

Does X^A Y represent a dominant or recessive allele?

Dominant

What is a pedigree?

chart that shows relationships within a family and infers the genotypes of family members

What does the square symbolize in the pedigree?

male

What does the circle symbolize in the pedigree?

female

What does the shaded shape mean in the pedigree?

the person is affected and expresses the trait

What does the unshaded shape mean in the pedigree?

The person does not express the trait

What does the half shaded shape mean in the pedigree?

The person is a carrier of the trait but isn't affected

Autosomal dominant pedigree:

The trait shows up in every generation. Two parent's may have the disorder, but some of their children may not

Autosomal recessive pedigree:

May skip a generation. If the child has it, the parents have to have it or be carriers for the trait.

Sex linked dominant pedigree:

certain gender is affected- trait appears in every generation

Sex linked recessive pedigree:

certain gender is affected- can skip generation

What is incomplete dominance?

A blending of traits. Red+White=Pink.

What is codominance?

when both alleles contribute to the phenotype. (A black chicken and a white chicken producing a speckled black and white chicken)

What are the 4 blood types?

A, B, AB, O

What's blood type A's alleles

AA or AO

What is blood type A's antibody

Anti-B

What does A receive from?

A and O

What does A donate to?

A and AB

What's blood type B's alleles

BB or BO

What is blood type B's antibody?

Anti-A

Who does blood type B receive from

B and O

What does blood type B donate to?

B, AB

What is blood type AB's antibody?

none

Who does AB donate too?

AB

Who does AB receive from?

A, AB, B, O

Who is the universal recipient?

Type AB because they can receive any blood type

What is blood type O's antibodies?

Anti- A and Anti- B

Who does blood type O donate too?

A, O, B, and AB

Who is the universal donor?

Type O because they can donate too every blood type

Who does O receive from?

only O

What occurs if type A blood had the type A antibody?

-If someone with type A blood also had the A antibody in their plasma, it would result in a serious autoimmune-like reaction where the antibodies attack their own red blood cells.

-Normally, people with type A blood have A antigens on their red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in their plasma