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What do all organic molecules contain?
carbon and hydrogen
What are the four classes of organic molecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What is another term for organic molecule?
biomolecule
What gives organic molecules their individual characteristics?
functional groups
What makes up a hydroxyl group?
OH
What makes up a carboxyl group?
COOH
Are carboxyl groups acidic or basic?
acidic
What makes up an amino group?
NH2
What makes up a phosphate group?
PO4
What are isomers?
molecules with the same formula but different arrangements
What are the repeating units of biomolecules called?
monomers
What do monomers come together to make?
polymers
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
What are the monomers of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
How many amino acids are there?
20
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
Of the four biomolecules, which are polymers and which are macromolecules?
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymerslipids are macromolecules
What are the polymers of carbohydrates?
polysaccharides
What are the polymers of lipids?
fats
What are the polymers of proteins?
polypeptides
What are the polymers of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What happens in a dehydration reaction?
monomers are bonded and a water molecule is produced
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
water molecule is added and monomers are separated
What is the indicator solution for proteins and what color does it turn?
biuret, light purple
What is the indicator solution for glucose and what color does it turn?
benedict solution, yellow
Enzyme
molecule that speeds up chemical reaction
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy source and structure
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
Are carbohydrates used for long term energy or quick energy?
quick energy
Monosaccharide
single sugar molecule
What are examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, and galactose
What type of carbon backbone do glucose, fructose, and galactose have?
hexose
What type of carbon backbone do ribose and deoxyribose have?
pentose
What type of biomolecule are ribose and deoxyribose?
carbohydrates
What carbohydrate provides energy for plants?
starch
What carbohydrate provides energy for animals?
glycogen
What is the indicator solution for starch and what color does it turn?
iodine, black
Which carbohydrate is found in the cell wall of plants?
cellulose
Which carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of fungi?
chitin
What carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of bacteria?
peptidoglycan
What are the main functions of lipids?
long term energy storage and structure
What are the components of phospholipids?
polar glycerol headtwo nonpolar hydrocarbon tails
Why do lipids store more energy than carbohydrates?
they have more bonds
How many double bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have?
one or more
What state of matter do unsaturated fatty acids tend to be?
liquids
How many double bonds do saturated fatty acids have?
none
What state of matter do saturated fatty acids tend to be?
solid
Why are steroids considered lipids?
they are nonpolar
What is the composition of steroids like?
four fused carbon rings
Are carbohydrates or lipids burned first?
carbohydrates
Are saturated or unsaturated fats healthier?
unsaturated
What type of bonds hold amino acids together?
peptide bonds
What are amino acids composed of?
central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, H, R group
Which amino acid is always first in protein?
methionine
Which amino acids contain sulfur for disulfide bridges?
methionine and cysteine
What parts of amino acids bond together in peptide bonds?
carboxyl group of one and amino group of the other
What does it mean if a protein is denatured?
it lost its shape
What does primary structure of a protein describe?
sequence of amino acids
What does secondary structure of a protein describe?
alpha helix and beta sheets
What causes alpha helix and beta sheets?
hydrogen bonds
What does tertiary structure of a protein describe?
three dimensional shape
What causes the three dimensional shape found in the tertiary structure?
hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, and disulfide bridges
What does quaternary structure of a protein describe?
multiple polypeptides
What are substrates?
reactants
What do chaperone proteins do?
help fold other proteins
What are prions?
misfolded proteins
What are nucleotides made of?
sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
How many nucleotide pairs are in cells?
3 billion
Why do high temperatures denature enzymes?
breaks bonds
Why does low temperature cause enzymes to decrease in function?
slows down movement
Why does low pH denature enzymes?
enzyme accepts hydrogen ions
Why does high pH denature enzymes?
enzyme loses hydrogen ions
Cells (4.1)
Smallest and most basic living thing that can perform all functions of life.
Unicellular organisms (4.1)
Single celled organisms (ex. bacteria, viruses, etc.)
Multicellular organisms (4.1)
Organisms composed of many cells (ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
Cell Theory (4.1)
All living organisms are composed of cells that only come from preexisting cells.
Why are cells so small? (4.1)
Smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials.
Are cells alive? (4.1)
Cells are alive because they have all the systems in order to maintain life.
Why is a large surface
area
What are the two types of cells that occur in nature? (4.1)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes ______ possess a nucleus. (4.2)
Do not (pro no)
Eukaryotes ______ possess a nucleus (4.2)
Do (you do)
What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes? (4.2)
Bacteria and Archaea
What is the domain of eukaryotes? (4.2)
Eukarya
What are the basic shapes of prokaryotes? (4.2)
Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod
What is the cell envelope? (4.2)
The external covering outside the cytoplasm. (Includes the plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx).
Plasma Membrane (4.2)
The protein
Cell Wall (4.2)
It surrounds the cell membrane of the plant cell
provides support and shape.
Glycocalyx (4.2)
Strands of sugars and proteins bound together that results in a thick, sticky layer that helps cells stay put in environments with lots of physical stress.
Cytoplasm (4.2)
A semifluid solution of water and molecules encased in the plasma membrane.
Nucleoid (4.2)
In prokaryotes, it is where the cell's DNA is stored, but it is NOT an enclosed organelle.
Plasmids (4.2)
Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria.
Cyanobacteria (4.2)
Photosynthetic bacteria. They were the first cells to evolve the ability to do photosynthesis.
Thylakoids (4.2)
Saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts that absorb solar energy.
The external structure of a prokaryote is made up of ______. (4.2)
Proteins
Flagella (4.2)
Appendages that help a cell propel/move itself.
Fimbriae (4.2)
Attachment structures on some prokaryotes that help them cling to surfaces.
Conjugation Pili (4.2)
Rigid tubular structures used by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell.
Note 
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