Unit 1 Bio

What do all organic molecules contain?

carbon and hydrogen

What are the four classes of organic molecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What is another term for organic molecule?

biomolecule

What gives organic molecules their individual characteristics?

functional groups

What makes up a hydroxyl group?

OH

What makes up a carboxyl group?

COOH

Are carboxyl groups acidic or basic?

acidic

What makes up an amino group?

NH2

What makes up a phosphate group?

PO4

What are isomers?

molecules with the same formula but different arrangements

What are the repeating units of biomolecules called?

monomers

What do monomers come together to make?

polymers

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

What are the monomers of lipids?

glycerol and fatty acids

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

How many amino acids are there?

20

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

Of the four biomolecules, which are polymers and which are macromolecules?

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymerslipids are macromolecules

What are the polymers of carbohydrates?

polysaccharides

What are the polymers of lipids?

fats

What are the polymers of proteins?

polypeptides

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What happens in a dehydration reaction?

monomers are bonded and a water molecule is produced

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

water molecule is added and monomers are separated

What is the indicator solution for proteins and what color does it turn?

biuret, light purple

What is the indicator solution for glucose and what color does it turn?

benedict solution, yellow

Enzyme

molecule that speeds up chemical reaction

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

energy source and structure

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

Are carbohydrates used for long term energy or quick energy?

quick energy

Monosaccharide

single sugar molecule

What are examples of monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, and galactose

What type of carbon backbone do glucose, fructose, and galactose have?

hexose

What type of carbon backbone do ribose and deoxyribose have?

pentose

What type of biomolecule are ribose and deoxyribose?

carbohydrates

What carbohydrate provides energy for plants?

starch

What carbohydrate provides energy for animals?

glycogen

What is the indicator solution for starch and what color does it turn?

iodine, black

Which carbohydrate is found in the cell wall of plants?

cellulose

Which carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of fungi?

chitin

What carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of bacteria?

peptidoglycan

What are the main functions of lipids?

long term energy storage and structure

What are the components of phospholipids?

polar glycerol headtwo nonpolar hydrocarbon tails

Why do lipids store more energy than carbohydrates?

they have more bonds

How many double bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have?

one or more

What state of matter do unsaturated fatty acids tend to be?

liquids

How many double bonds do saturated fatty acids have?

none

What state of matter do saturated fatty acids tend to be?

solid

Why are steroids considered lipids?

they are nonpolar

What is the composition of steroids like?

four fused carbon rings

Are carbohydrates or lipids burned first?

carbohydrates

Are saturated or unsaturated fats healthier?

unsaturated

What type of bonds hold amino acids together?

peptide bonds

What are amino acids composed of?

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, H, R group

Which amino acid is always first in protein?

methionine

Which amino acids contain sulfur for disulfide bridges?

methionine and cysteine

What parts of amino acids bond together in peptide bonds?

carboxyl group of one and amino group of the other

What does it mean if a protein is denatured?

it lost its shape

What does primary structure of a protein describe?

sequence of amino acids

What does secondary structure of a protein describe?

alpha helix and beta sheets

What causes alpha helix and beta sheets?

hydrogen bonds

What does tertiary structure of a protein describe?

three dimensional shape

What causes the three dimensional shape found in the tertiary structure?

hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, and disulfide bridges

What does quaternary structure of a protein describe?

multiple polypeptides

What are substrates?

reactants

What do chaperone proteins do?

help fold other proteins

What are prions?

misfolded proteins

What are nucleotides made of?

sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

How many nucleotide pairs are in cells?

3 billion

Why do high temperatures denature enzymes?

breaks bonds

Why does low temperature cause enzymes to decrease in function?

slows down movement

Why does low pH denature enzymes?

enzyme accepts hydrogen ions

Why does high pH denature enzymes?

enzyme loses hydrogen ions

Cells (4.1)

Smallest and most basic living thing that can perform all functions of life.

Unicellular organisms (4.1)

Single celled organisms (ex. bacteria, viruses, etc.)

Multicellular organisms (4.1)

Organisms composed of many cells (ex. tissue, humans, etc.)

Cell Theory (4.1)

All living organisms are composed of cells that only come from preexisting cells.

Why are cells so small? (4.1)

Smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials.

Are cells alive? (4.1)

Cells are alive because they have all the systems in order to maintain life.

Why is a large surface

area

What are the two types of cells that occur in nature? (4.1)

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotes ______ possess a nucleus. (4.2)

Do not (pro no)

Eukaryotes ______ possess a nucleus (4.2)

Do (you do)

What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes? (4.2)

Bacteria and Archaea

What is the domain of eukaryotes? (4.2)

Eukarya

What are the basic shapes of prokaryotes? (4.2)

Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod

What is the cell envelope? (4.2)

The external covering outside the cytoplasm. (Includes the plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx).

Plasma Membrane (4.2)

The protein

Cell Wall (4.2)

It surrounds the cell membrane of the plant cell

provides support and shape.

Glycocalyx (4.2)

Strands of sugars and proteins bound together that results in a thick, sticky layer that helps cells stay put in environments with lots of physical stress.

Cytoplasm (4.2)

A semifluid solution of water and molecules encased in the plasma membrane.

Nucleoid (4.2)

In prokaryotes, it is where the cell's DNA is stored, but it is NOT an enclosed organelle.

Plasmids (4.2)

Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria.

Cyanobacteria (4.2)

Photosynthetic bacteria. They were the first cells to evolve the ability to do photosynthesis.

Thylakoids (4.2)

Saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts that absorb solar energy.

The external structure of a prokaryote is made up of ______. (4.2)

Proteins

Flagella (4.2)

Appendages that help a cell propel/move itself.

Fimbriae (4.2)

Attachment structures on some prokaryotes that help them cling to surfaces.

Conjugation Pili (4.2)

Rigid tubular structures used by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell.