Anatomy midterm (from Hailey-C24 quizlet)

sensory input, integration, motor output

what are the three functions of the nervous system?

to gather information

function of sensory input

central nervous system processes and interprets sensory input

function of integration

activates muscles or glands

function of motor output

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

what are the two structures of the nervous system?

communication between parts of the body

functions of the nervous system

sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division

what are the two functional classifications of the nervous system?

sends input to central nervous system

function of sensory (afferent) division

send output to glands

functions of motor (efferent) division

brain and spinal cord

what are the two major parts of the central nervous system?

nerves extending from brain and spinal cord

what are the major parts of the peripheral nervous system?

support, insulate, protect neurons

what are the functions of neuroglia?

resemble neurons, unable to conduct nerve impulses, never lose the ability to divide

3 descriptions of neuroglia

made up of cell bodies and processes

what is the structure of neurons?

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocyte

what are the 4 CNS glial cells?

function in blood-brain barrier

function of astrocytes

monitor health of nearby neurons and dispose of waste

function of microglia

assists with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

function of ependymal cells

produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in CNS

function of oligodendrocytes

schwann cells and satellite cells

what are the two PNS glial cells?

form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS

function of schwann cells

conduct impulses toward the cell body

function of dendrites

conduct impulses away from cell body

function of axons

protect and cushion neuron cell bodies

function of satellite cells

send nerve impulses to the CNS

what is the function of neurons?

astrocytes

which neuroglia are most abundant?

gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

what are the three protective connective tissue coverings?

a sheath that surrounds each fiber

what is the endoneurium?

wraps groups of fibers bound into a fascicle

what does the perineurium do?

binds groups of fascicles

what does the epineurium do?

collections of cell bodies in the PNS

what are ganglia?

bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS

what are tracts?

releases neurotransmitters

axon terminal

conducts impulses toward cell body

dendrite

location of the nucleus

neuron cell body

increases speed of impulse transmission

myelin sheath

specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons in the PNS

schwann cells

junction or point of close contact between neurons

synapse

junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted

what is a synapse

oligodendrocytes

which neuroglia make myelin sheaths?

neuroglia never lose the ability to divide

why is a brain tumor more likely to be formed from neuroglia than neurons?

dendrites

what part of a neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body?

axons

what part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters?

starts when neurotransmitters are released

graded potential

starts when enough neurotransmitters are released

action potential

sensory (afferent) neurons

which portion of a neuron is likely to be associated with a sensory receptor?

rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

reflex

determining the general health of the motor portion of our nervous system

what are reflex tests used for?

collections of myelinated fibers

white matter

mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

gray matter

provides pathway for ascending and descending tracts, produce programmed behaviors key for survival

functions of the brain stem (2)

controls balance, provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements

functions of the cerebellum (2)

controls skeletal muscle movements, acts in intellectual and emotional processing, localizes and interprets sensory inputs

functions of the cerebrum (3)

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

what are the three parts of the diencephalon?

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

what are the three parts of the brain stem?

medulla oblongata

which part of the brain stem is responsible for controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and vomiting?

dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia mater

what are the three meningeal layers?

outermost leathery layer, doubly-layered external covering of brain

description of the dura mater (2)

middle layer, subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

description of arachnoid layer (2)

internal layer, clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

description of the pia mater (2)

ascending

which spinal cord pathway are sensory pathways?

response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically stressed or threatened, takes over to increase activities

function of sympathetic division (2)

conserves energy, maintains daily necessary body functions

function of parasympathetic division (2)

smooth muscles, the heart, and glands

which regions or organs of the body are served by the autonomic nervous system? (3)

skeletal muscles

which regions or organs are served by the somatic system? (1)

central nervous system

nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

somatic nervous system

subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles

peripheral nervous system

nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

autonomic nervous system

subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activities of the heart, smooth muscle, and glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system

tract

bundle of nerve processes inside CNS

nodes of Ranvier

gaps in myelin sheath

ganglion

collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS

efferent neuron

neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands

stimuli

changes within or outside the body that affect nervous system functioning

afferent neuron

neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery

neurotransmitter

chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands

frontal lobe

what lobe is this?

parietal lobe

what lobe is this?

occipital lobe

what lobe is this?

temporal lobe

what lobe is this?

primary somatic sensory area

what is this?

primary motor area

what is this?

visual area

what is this?

auditory area

what is this?

olfactory area

what is this?

Broca's area

what is this?

corpus callosum

what is this?

thalamus

what is this?

pons

what is this?

medulla

what is this?

cerebellum

what is this?

outside

where is grey matter located?

inside

where is white matter located?

involuntary, no striations, spindle shaped, one nucleus

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

involuntary, striations, branching ends, one nucleus

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

voluntary, striations, long cylinders, multinucleated

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

encloses a single muscle fiber

what does the endomysium do?

endomysium

what part of the muscle is this?

perimysium

what part of the muscle is this?