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sensory input, integration, motor output
what are the three functions of the nervous system?
to gather information
function of sensory input
central nervous system processes and interprets sensory input
function of integration
activates muscles or glands
function of motor output
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
what are the two structures of the nervous system?
communication between parts of the body
functions of the nervous system
sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division
what are the two functional classifications of the nervous system?
sends input to central nervous system
function of sensory (afferent) division
send output to glands
functions of motor (efferent) division
brain and spinal cord
what are the two major parts of the central nervous system?
nerves extending from brain and spinal cord
what are the major parts of the peripheral nervous system?
support, insulate, protect neurons
what are the functions of neuroglia?
resemble neurons, unable to conduct nerve impulses, never lose the ability to divide
3 descriptions of neuroglia
made up of cell bodies and processes
what is the structure of neurons?
astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocyte
what are the 4 CNS glial cells?
function in blood-brain barrier
function of astrocytes
monitor health of nearby neurons and dispose of waste
function of microglia
assists with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
function of ependymal cells
produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in CNS
function of oligodendrocytes
schwann cells and satellite cells
what are the two PNS glial cells?
form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS
function of schwann cells
conduct impulses toward the cell body
function of dendrites
conduct impulses away from cell body
function of axons
protect and cushion neuron cell bodies
function of satellite cells
send nerve impulses to the CNS
what is the function of neurons?
astrocytes
which neuroglia are most abundant?
gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
what are the three protective connective tissue coverings?
a sheath that surrounds each fiber
what is the endoneurium?
wraps groups of fibers bound into a fascicle
what does the perineurium do?
binds groups of fascicles
what does the epineurium do?
collections of cell bodies in the PNS
what are ganglia?
bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS
what are tracts?
releases neurotransmitters
axon terminal
conducts impulses toward cell body
dendrite
location of the nucleus
neuron cell body
increases speed of impulse transmission
myelin sheath
specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons in the PNS
schwann cells
junction or point of close contact between neurons
synapse
junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted
what is a synapse
oligodendrocytes
which neuroglia make myelin sheaths?
neuroglia never lose the ability to divide
why is a brain tumor more likely to be formed from neuroglia than neurons?
dendrites
what part of a neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body?
axons
what part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters?
starts when neurotransmitters are released
graded potential
starts when enough neurotransmitters are released
action potential
sensory (afferent) neurons
which portion of a neuron is likely to be associated with a sensory receptor?
rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
reflex
determining the general health of the motor portion of our nervous system
what are reflex tests used for?
collections of myelinated fibers
white matter
mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
gray matter
provides pathway for ascending and descending tracts, produce programmed behaviors key for survival
functions of the brain stem (2)
controls balance, provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements
functions of the cerebellum (2)
controls skeletal muscle movements, acts in intellectual and emotional processing, localizes and interprets sensory inputs
functions of the cerebrum (3)
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
what are the three parts of the diencephalon?
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
what are the three parts of the brain stem?
medulla oblongata
which part of the brain stem is responsible for controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and vomiting?
dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia mater
what are the three meningeal layers?
outermost leathery layer, doubly-layered external covering of brain
description of the dura mater (2)
middle layer, subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
description of arachnoid layer (2)
internal layer, clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
description of the pia mater (2)
ascending
which spinal cord pathway are sensory pathways?
response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically stressed or threatened, takes over to increase activities
function of sympathetic division (2)
conserves energy, maintains daily necessary body functions
function of parasympathetic division (2)
smooth muscles, the heart, and glands
which regions or organs of the body are served by the autonomic nervous system? (3)
skeletal muscles
which regions or organs are served by the somatic system? (1)
central nervous system
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
somatic nervous system
subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles
peripheral nervous system
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia
autonomic nervous system
subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activities of the heart, smooth muscle, and glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system
tract
bundle of nerve processes inside CNS
nodes of Ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS
efferent neuron
neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands
stimuli
changes within or outside the body that affect nervous system functioning
afferent neuron
neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery
neurotransmitter
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands
frontal lobe
what lobe is this?
parietal lobe
what lobe is this?
occipital lobe
what lobe is this?
temporal lobe
what lobe is this?
primary somatic sensory area
what is this?
primary motor area
what is this?
visual area
what is this?
auditory area
what is this?
olfactory area
what is this?
Broca's area
what is this?
corpus callosum
what is this?
thalamus
what is this?
pons
what is this?
medulla
what is this?
cerebellum
what is this?
outside
where is grey matter located?
inside
where is white matter located?
involuntary, no striations, spindle shaped, one nucleus
what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
involuntary, striations, branching ends, one nucleus
what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
voluntary, striations, long cylinders, multinucleated
what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
encloses a single muscle fiber
what does the endomysium do?
endomysium
what part of the muscle is this?
perimysium
what part of the muscle is this?
Note 
Flashcard (146)