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scale of analysis
The way in which areas of the world are grouped together for study
large scale
A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions
small scale
A map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on Earth is quite small.
usually depict large areas.
map scale
local/city
state
national
regional
global
globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
economic globalization
The increasing integration and interdependence of national economies around the world
cultural globalization
worldwide spread of similar norms, values, and practices
housing bubble
a rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value
transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
region
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features or patterns of activity
formal (uniform) region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
ex: the state lines of Florida--everyone who lives there is a Floridian and must follow FL state laws
functional region (nodal region)
A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it
The delivery area for your local Jimmy John's--the Jimmy John's shop is at the center
Perceptual Region (Vernacular)
an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
EX: The South in the US (southern accent, was part of the Confederacy, people eat fried foods, etc.)
Regional boundaries are...
(sometimes) transitional
often contested
often overlapping
cultural landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
spatial perspective
a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another
qualitative data
Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives.
quantitative data
Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association.
idiographic
Pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place
Nomothetic
Concepts or rules that can be applied universally.
Human Environment Interaction
the study of the interrelationship between people and their physical environment
sustainability
The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.
resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
renewable resource
A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed
nonrenewable resource
Something produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans
biotic system
System composed of living organisms
abiotic system
Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter
atmosphere
A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon.
hydrosphere
All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans
lithosphere
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
Koppen climate classification system
developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation
3 pillars of sustainability
environment, economy, society
environmental determinism
A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.
environmental possibilism
the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.
Ellen Churchill Semple
claimed that geography was the study of the influences of the natural environment on people
Elsworth Huntington
environmental determinist
Friedrich Ratzel
father of modern political geography, he created the Organic Theory
Was an environmental determinist
spatial approach
An approach that considers the arrangement of phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth, such as distance, pattern and interconnection.
place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
flows
rapid movement of people, things, and/or ideas from one place to another
distance decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
time-space compression
the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time
pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
complementarity
The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.
intervening opportunities
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
transferability
The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another
accessibility
the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
friction of distance (Tobler's First Law)
A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.
gravity model
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
law of retail gravitation
A law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business since larger cities have a wider influence on the surrounding outskirts/
breaking point
The outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies.
connection
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over timess of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate
hierarchical diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
contagious diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
location
The position of anything on Earth's surface.
sense of place
The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character
placelessness
the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
network
A chain of communication that connects places
uneven development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
The Land Ordinance of 1785
A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.
density
phenomenon/area
patterns of distribution
clumped, random, uniform
concentration
the extent of a feature's spread over space
toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.
site
The physical character of a place
situation
the location of a place relative to other places
census
the official count of a population
region
household
age/gender
income
cultural ecology
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data--showing it in a different layers for each different type of data
Remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
Satellite navigation system
Portable device that uses GPS to plot the user's position.
GPS (global positioning system)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
written accounts
were made very soon after the actual event and were recorded around the time when eyewitnesses started to die off.
field observations
A method where you observe people in 'real' locations and situations, such as workplaces, homes, etc.
media reports
Articles published by newspapers and magazines
travel narratives
These types of accounts usually consisted of two key features:
Pilgrimage stories to the holy land and later used as geographical encyclopedias, these accounts include Marco Polo, John Mandeville and Ibn Battuta
policy documents
communicate organizational policies and procedures
personal interviews
a type of survey that involves a person-to-person meeting between the interviewer and respondent
landscape analysis
the task of defining and describing landscapes
Four-Level Analysis
Systematic way to study geographic phenomena looking at comprehension, identification, explanation, and prediction.
human geography
The study of where and why human activities are located where they are
physical geography
the study of physical features of the earth's surface
Pei Xu
Father of Chinese cartography
Eratosthenes
calculated the circumference of the earth (ancient Greek)
Ptolemy
Summary of Gk. knowledge of geography including location & size of continents
produced maps not improved upon for 1,000+ years
Info. collected by merchants and soldiers through Roman Empire
Strabo
mostly remembered for his 17-volume work Geographica, which literally means "Geography". It presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the known world for his era.
Muhammad al-Idrisi
a Muslim geographer who prepared a world map and geography text in 1154, building on Ptolemy's long-neglected work
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
Magellan
This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world
Martin Waldseemuller
Produced the first map with the label "America"
Abraham Ortelius
designed the first modern atlas: Theatre of the World
Carl Sauer
Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.
George Perkins Marsh
An inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar, his classic work, "Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action," provided the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions.
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