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What is the main purpose of the scientific method?

To systematically investigate natural phenomena through observation, experimentation, and analysis.

Define hypothesis in scientific research.

A testable prediction or explanation for a scientific phenomenon.

What is a variable in an experiment?

Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types.

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?

The independent variable is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable, which is measured.

What is a control group?

A group in an experiment that remains constant and is used for comparison against the experimental group.

What does the term 'peer review' mean in scientific research?

The process by which scholars evaluate each other's work for quality and validity before publication.

Explain the significance of a p-value in hypothesis testing.

A p-value determines the statistical significance of results, indicating the probability that the observed results occurred by chance.

What is a scientific theory?

A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world, based on a body of evidence.

List the steps of the scientific method.

1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Analysis 6. Conclusion.

What is an experiment?

A procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.

Define the term 'data' in the context of scientific research.

Information collected during experimentation that can be analyzed to draw conclusions.

What are qualitative data?

Data that describe qualities or characteristics, often observed rather than measured.

What are quantitative data?

Data that can be expressed as numbers and are typically obtained through measurement.

Explain the importance of replication in scientific experiments.

Replication ensures the reliability of results and helps to validate findings.

What is meant by 'scientific literacy'?

The ability to understand, interpret, and evaluate scientific information.

What is bias in scientific research?

A tendency to favor one outcome or interpretation over others, potentially affecting results.

What does a hypothesis need to be valid?

It must be testable and falsifiable.

Define 'sample size' in experiments.

The number of observations or replicates included in a study.

What is a conclusion in scientific research?

The statement that summarizes the results of an experiment and discusses their implications.

What role does observation play in scientific research?

Observation is the initial step in formulating questions and hypotheses.

Why is it important to document research findings?

Documentation allows for reproducibility, transparency, and further investigation by other scientists.

What is an operational definition?

A statement that defines how a concept will be measured or identified in a study.

Explain the term 'anecdotal evidence'.

Data based on personal accounts or stories rather than scientific analysis.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

To survey existing research and identify gaps, inconsistencies, or areas for further study.

What is the role of a research question?

To guide the direction of the study and focus on what the research seeks to answer.

Define 'ethics' in scientific research.

Principles that govern the conduct of research, ensuring integrity, honesty, and respect for subjects.