use with the woody plants list; NOT AN EXHAUSTIVE LIST!!!!
woody
above ground portions may not die to ground each yr
perennial
secondary growth, usually vascular cambium
size variable, many > 20’ tall
environmentally dependent [esp cold]
herbaceous
perennial, biennial, or annual
may or may not have secondary growth
seldom exceeds 20’ tall
environmentally dependent
shrub
perennial, rarely annual
deciduous → evergreen
woody; upright/spreading habit
single/mult trunks
height varies
small = <4’
med = 4-8’
lg = >8’
heteroblasty
the significant and abrupt change in form and function, that occurs over the lifespan of certain plants
vine [youth] → shrubby [maturity]
Characteristics affected include internode length and stem structure as well as leaf form, size and arrangement
ex: Hedera helix
groundcovers
woody/herbaceous
annual or perennial
usually low growing/spreading
<2” to 3-4’ tall
dense mat growth
erosion control
needs good weed suppression
trees
perennial
woody, generally upright habit
single or mult trunks
height varies [few feet to 350+]
sm = <20-25’
med = 25-50’
lg = 50’ +
artificial distinctions
environmentally dependent
vines
annual or perennial
woody or herbaceous
long trailing/climbing stems
special climbing structures
sometimes exhibit heteroblasty
why use sci names?
shows relatedness among taxa
mult plants share common names
common names vary by area
legal consequences
professionalism
product labeling
classification levels
family → genus → species → cultivar or variety
family [pl: families]
closely related group of 1+ genera
genus [pl: genera]
closely related group of 1+ species
cultivar
man-made
variety
naturally created
texas problems
ball moss
mistletoe
oak wilt
tent caterpillars
wetwood
Dutch elm disease
galls
fire ants
Asian long-horned beetle
fall webworm
emerald ash borer
ball moss [Tillandsia recurvata]
chem control [applied in late winter]
copper spray
baking soda
mechanical control
mistletoe [Phoradendron]
NO chem herbicides
ethylene
mechanical control before fruiting
water oak, spanish oak, elms, hackberries
Oak wilt [Ceratocystis fagacearum]
red oaks attacked
through roots or beetle feeding commonly
prune in dormancy or summer
cover with pruning paint
systemic fungicides
plowing
diversify plants
symptoms: fungal mats, diseased leaf
active FEB-MAY
plow lines
primary: one line
presumes all trees inside line die and are removed
90% success
secondary: use of both primary and secondary lines
more plowing → more $
saves more trees!
saves ~50% of trees between primary and secondary
PPZL injections: fungicide pumped into tree
provides extra insurance of survival
expensive
vines
Euonymus spp.
Hedera helix
Lonicera japonica
Bignonia capreolata
Jasminum polyanthum
Lonicera sempervirens
Trachelospermum asiaticum
Trachelospermum jasminoides
Bauhinia corymbosa
Ficus pumila
Gelsemium sempervirens
Rosa spp. [climbing var.]
barrier plants
Chinese Holly
all of its cvs. -- ‘Nellie Stevens’, ‘Burfordii’, ‘Dwarf Burford’
difference between Ilex cornuta cvs.
I. cornuta: 3 spikes [1 on each side, one at tip]
cv. ‘Burfordii’: 1 spike [at tip]
cv. ‘Dward Burford’: 1 spike [at tip; plant is smaller than Burfordii cv.
cv. ‘Nellie Stevens’: 5 spikes [2 on each side, one at tip]
toxic/poisonous or otherwise dangerous
Oleander [all parts]
TX Mountain Laurel [contains alkaloid sophorine; red seeds poisonous]
Poison Ivy
English Ivy [fruits are especially inedible]
Carolina Jessamine [all parts]
edible
lavender [leaf]
Rosemary [leaf]
Camellia [leaves can be dried]
Bay Laurel [leaf]
Olive [fruit]
Mexican Oregano [leaf]
agarita [fruit]
TX barberry [berries]
Yaupon Holly [leaves]
Barbados Cherry [fruit]
Rose [flower petals]
Loquat [Fruit]
Pineapple Guava [fruit]
TX madrone [fruit]
Anacua [fruit]
Evergreen sumac [fruit has citric taste when pulp is extracted and eaten → teas, etc]
noticeable scent/weird scent
lavender
Rosemary
eucalyptus
Tree of Heaven -- peanut butter bark
Mexican Oregano
Callery Pear -- semen? vomit/rotting fish
Almond Verbena -- vanilla/almond
Bee bush -- vanilla
Agarita
Thyrallis -- subtle scent
Gardenia
Leatherleaf Mahonia
Myrtle [foliage is pungent]
Chinese Fringe Flower
southern barberry [crushed foliage]
Chinese Photinia
Pittosporum
Firethorn -- fishy scent almost
rose
TX mountain laurel -- grape kool-aid?
Eleagnus
Loquat
Bay laurel [leaf crushed = bay leaf scent from cooking]
Waxleaf ligustrum
Sweet Viburnum
Laurustinus [slight scent]
Sanankwa Viburnum
Common Bottlebrush [leaves = lemon scent when crushed]
Anacua
Southern magnolia
Afghan Pine [leaves = fresh fragrance]
Carolina Jessamine
pink jasmine
Japanese honeysuckle
great for pollinators/other wildlife [hummingbirds, etc]
thyrallis
gardenia
lavender
Sweet viburnum
common bottlebrush
Almond Verbena
Bee Bush
TX olive -- edible for wildlife, will make tipsy when eaten in excessive amounts
Eastern red cedar -- fruits edible for wildlife, often birds
deer tolerant
Agarita
TX barberry
Creeping juniper
Lavender
TX Sage
Leatherleaf Mahonia
Oleander
Japanese plum yew
texas natives
Aesculus pavia
Quercus polymorpha
Ulmus alata
Ungnadia speciosa
Gelsemium sempervirens
Parkinsonia aculeata
Bauhinia lunarioides
Cordia boissieri
Ehretia anacua
Juniperus ashei
Arbutus xalapensis
Myrica cerifera
Sophora secundiflora
Berberis trifoliolata
Berberis swaseyi
Ilex vomitoria
Leucophyllum frutescens
Malpighia glabra
Aloysia gratissima
Bauhinia lunarioides
Ehretia anacua
Juniperus ashei
Gelsemium sempervirens
Parkinsonia aculeata
seeds must be scarified or otherwise
TX mountain laurel [mechanically or with sulfuric acid]
weird parts/unique
Palo Verde -- green stems and interesting leaves, thorns
Nandina -- purplish foliage
TX mountain laurel -- dog poo seed pods
Anacacho Orchid -- leaves are two-lobed, flowers are unique
Anacua -- leaves feel like sandpaper, orangish tint bark
Southern Magnolia -- large flowers and extremely leathery leaves
small shrub
Berberis swaseyi
Buxus spp.
Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’
Lavandula angustifolia
Malpighia glabra
Rosmarinus officinalis
Mimosa borealis
groundcovers
Juniperus horizontalis
Juniperus procumbens
large shrub
Aucuba japonica
Berberis trifoliolata
Berberis trifoliolata ? [vine like]
Ilex vomitoria ‘Pendula’
Ilex vomitoria ‘Will Fleming’
Myrtus communis
Loropetalum chinense
Nerium oleander
Myrica cerifera
Nandina domestica
Photinia serratifolia
Photinia x fraseri
Pittosporum tobira
Acca sellowiana
Callistemon citrinus
Camellia spp.
Elaeagnus pungens
Ilex cornuta
Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii’
Ligustrum japonicum
Ligustrum sinense
Ligustrum lucidum
Viburnum tinus
Juniperus ashei
Rhus virens
Xylosma congestum
Aesculus pavia
Fatsia japonica
Osmanthus spp.
medium shrub
Abelia x grandiflora
Cotoneaster glaucophyllus
Galphimia gracilis
Gardenia jasminoides
Leucophyllum frutescens
Mahonia bealei
Rhaphiolepis spp.
Rosa spp.
Cephalotaxus harringtonia
Pyracantha spp.
Ilex cornuta ‘Dwarf Burford’
Juniperus x pfitzeriana
Viburnum suspensum
Aloysia virgata
Aloysia gratissima
Euonymus spp.
Buddleja davidii
Berberis thunbergii
Lonicera fragrantissima
Calliandra tergermina var. emarginata
small tree
Ilex vomitoria
Myrica cerifera
Podocarpus marcophyllus var. maki
Thuja orientalis
Sophora secundiflora
Teucrium fruticans
Taxus spp.
Arbutus xalapensis
Arbutus unedo
Eriobotrya japonica
Juniperus scopulorum ‘Tolleson’s Weeping’
Olea europaea
Viburnum odoratissimum
Laurus nobilis
Trachycarpus fortunei
Chamaerops humilis
Bauhinia lunarioides
Cordia boissieri
Cupressus arizonica
Eucalyptus spp.
Juniperus virginiana
Pinus thunbergii
Rhus virens
Parkinsonia aculeata
Lagerstroemia indica
Ilex decidua
Ulmus alata
Ulmus parvifolia
Ungnadia speciosa
large tree
Quercus polymorpha
Quercus virginiana
Quercus fusiformis
X Cupressocyparis leylandii
Cupressus sempervirens
Ehretia anacua
Eucalyptus spp.
Magnolia grandiflora
Pinus eldarica
Platanus occidentalis
Platanus mexicana
Taxodium distichum
Taxodium mucronatum
Caprifoliaceae * Honeysuckle
Abelia x grandiflora
Lonicera japonica
Lonicera sempervirens
Lonicera fragrantissima
Garryaceae Silktassels
Aucuba japonica
Garrya ovata var. lindheimeri
Berberidaceae * Barberry
Berberis trifoliolata
Berberis swaseyi
Mahonia bealei
Nandina domestica
Berberis thunbergii
Buxaceae Box
Buxus spp.
Rosaceae * Rose
Cotoneaster glaucophyllus
Photinia serratifolia
Photinia x fraseri
Rhaphiolepis spp.
Rosa spp.
Pyracantha spp.
Eriobotrya japonica
Chaenomeles spp.
Prunus persica
Prunus cerasifera
Spiraea spp.
Prunus serotina var. eximia
Prunus mexicana
Malus spp.
Malpighiaceae *
Galphimia gracilis
Malpighia glabra
Mascagnia macroptera
Rubiaceae
Gardenia jasminoides
Oleaceae * Olive
Jasminum mesnyi
Ligustrum japonica
Ligustrum sinense
Ligustrum lucidum
Olea europaea
Jasminum polyanthum
Jasminum sambac
Osmanthus spp.
Forestiera angustifolia
Fraxinus texensis
F. veluntina
Cupressaceae * Cypress
Juniperus procumbens
Juniperus horizontalis
Juniperus scopulorum ‘Tolleson’s Weeping’
Juniperus x pfitzeriana
X Cupressocyparis leylandii
Cupressus arizonica
Cupressus sempervirens
Thuja orientalis
Juniperus ashei
Juniperus virginiana
Taxodium mucronatum
Taxodium distichum
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Aquifoliaceae * Holly
Ilex vomitoria
‘Nana’
‘Pendula’
‘Will Fleming’
Ilex cornuta
‘Burfordii’
‘Dwarf Burford’
‘Nellie Stevens’
Ilex decidua
Lamiaceae * Mint
Lavandula angustifolia
Rosmarinus officinalis
Teucrium fruticans
Callicarpa americana
Poliomintha longiflora
Vitex trifolia ‘purpurea’
V. rotundifolia
Scrophulariaceae Figworts
Leucophyllum frutescens
Buddleja davidii
Myrtaceae * Myrtle
Myrtus communis
Callistemon citrinus
Acca sellowiana
Eucalyptus spp.
Hamamelidaceae Witch-hazels
Loropetalum chinense
Apocynaceae * Dogbanes
Nerium oleander
Trachelospermum asiaticum
Trachelospermum jasminoides
Vinca minor
Myricaceae
Myrica cerifera
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum tobira
Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki
Fabaceae/Leguminosae * Legumes
Sophora secundiflora
Bauhinia lunarioides
Parkinsonia aculeata
Bauhinia purpurea
Mimosa borealis
Calliandra tergemina var. emarginata
Gleditsia triacanthos fo. inermis
Senna corymbosa
Sophora affinis
Albizia julibrissin
Eysenhardtia texana
Leucaena retusa
Myrospermum sousanum
Ebenopsis ebano
Acacia berlandierii
Prosopis glandulosa
Prosopis alba ‘Laurie’
Wisteria sinensis
Wisteria frutescens
Cephalotaxaceae
Cephalotaxus harringtonia
Taxaceae
Taxus spp.
Theaceae
Camellia spp.
Adoxaceae Moschatel
Viburnum suspensum
V. tinus
V. odoratissimum
V. rufidulum
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus pungens
Ericaceae Heaths
Arbutus xalapensis
A. unedo
Rhododendron spp.
Lauraceae Laurels
Laurus nobilis
Arecaceae Palms
Trachycarpus fortunei
Chamaerops humilis
Butia capitata
Boraginaceae
Cordia boissieri
Ehretia anacua
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia grandiflora
Pinaceae Pines
Pinus eldarica
P. thunbergii
Pinus pinea
Fagaceae Beech
Quercus virginiana
Q. fusiformis
Q. polymorpha
Q. shumardii
Q. laceyi
Q. macrocarpa
Q. muehlenbergii
Q. vaceyana
Q. buckleyi
Q. canbyi
Anacardiaceae Cashews
Rhus virens
R. lanceolata
R. aromatica
Pistachia chinensis
P. mexicana
Toxicodendron radicans/Rhus radicans
Cotinus coggygria
Verbenaceae Verbenas
Aloysia virgata
A. gratissima
Vitex agnus-castus
Celastraceae
Euonymus spp.
Araliaceae
Fatsia japonica
Hedera helix
Bignoniaceae Bignonias
Bignonia capreolata
Tecoma stans
Catalpa speciosa
C. bignonioides
Chilopsis linearis
Campsis radicans
Moraceae Mulberry
Ficus pumila
Ficus carica
Morus alba
M. alba ‘Pendula’
Broussonetia papyrifera
Maclura pomifera
Gelsemiaceae
Gelsemium sempervirens
Lythraceae
Lagerstroemia indica
Platanaceae Plane trees
Platanus occidentalis
P. mexicana
Salicaceae Willows
Xylosma congestum
Populus deltoides
Salix nigra
S. matsudana
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus decipiens
Sapindaceae Soapberry
Ungnadia speciosa
Aesculus pavia
Acer grandidentatum
A. negundo
A. palmatum
A. rubrum
A. truncatum
Koelreuteria spp.
Ulmaceae Elm
Ulmus alata
U. parvifolia
U. americana
U. crassifolia
U. pumila
Celtis spp.
types of leaf margins
some important ones:
dentate
doubly serrate
crenate
entire
lobate
obovate
serrate
undulate
palmate vs. pinnate vs. simple
palmate: looks like a palm, leaflets are joined in one spot
pinnately compound: A leaf that is divided into smaller leaflets, those leaflets arranged on each side of the leaf's central stalk/rachis (axis).
odd pinnate, even pinnate
once pinnate, bipinnate
simple: one leaf, no leaflets
important difference = where the axillary bud is located
types of leaf arrangements
alternate [A]: leaves alternate along the stem, so that only a single leaf is attached at each node
compound [B]: leaves in pairs along the stem, so that two leaves are attached at each node
whorled [C]: three or more equally spaced leaves at a node
leaf shapes
Important/frequently seen in this class:
linear
oblong
lanceolate
oblanceolate
cuneate
pinnate
bipinnate
ovate
elliptical
obovate
elliptical
palmate
cordate
venation types
pinnate
dichotomous [like Ginkgo--see term image]
palmate
parallel
Acanthaceae
Anisacanthus quadrifidus var. wrightii
Juglandaceae Walnuts
Juglans nigra
Carya illinoinensis
Hydrangeaceae Hydrangeas
Hydrangea macrophylla
Hydrangea quercifolia
Lythraceae (Punicaceae)
Punica granatum
Malvaceae Mallows
Hibiscus syriacus
Pavonia lasiopetala
Firmiana simplex
Euphorbiaceae
Sapium sebiferum
Pentaphylacaceae
Cleyera japonica
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus altissima
Vitaceae
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Solanaceae
Cestrum aurantiacum
Ebenaceae
Diospyros texana
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba
Altingiaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua
Rutaceae
Citrus spp.
tent caterpillars
eastern (Malacosoma americanum)
western (M. californicum)
sonoran (M. tigris)
attack several types of broadleaf shrubs/trees
ugly → nuisance
defoliation → reduced growth/vigor
moths lay eggs in spring, hatch as plants leaf out, feed and form webs, pupate, moths emerge
DETECT EARLY!
mechanical control
biological control (Bacillus thuringiensis) on foliage--not on worms
chem control
Wetwood (Bacterical wetwood, bacterial slime, slimeflux)
cottonwood, elm, willow, honeylocust, maple
yellow-brown discoloration of wood
high internal gas pressure due to bacteria activity
inhibits callus formation, kills new growth/cambial tissue
some insects feed on slime → no need for control
manage = prevent stress to roots/stems