Woody Plants exam 1+2 review

use with the woody plants list; NOT AN EXHAUSTIVE LIST!!!!

woody

* above ground portions may not die to ground each yr


* perennial
* secondary growth, usually vascular cambium
* size variable, many > 20’ tall
* environmentally dependent \[esp cold\]

herbaceous

* perennial, biennial, or annual
* may or may not have secondary growth
* seldom exceeds 20’ tall
* environmentally dependent

shrub

* perennial, rarely annual
* deciduous → evergreen
* woody; upright/spreading habit
* single/mult trunks
* height varies
* small =

heteroblasty

the significant and abrupt change in form and function, that occurs over the lifespan of certain plants

* vine \[youth\] → shrubby \[maturity\]
* Characteristics affected include internode length and stem structure as well as leaf form, size and arrangement
* ex: Hedera helix

groundcovers

* woody/herbaceous
* annual or perennial
* usually low growing/spreading
*

trees

* perennial


* woody, generally upright habit
* single or mult trunks
* height varies \[few feet to 350+\]
* sm =

vines

* annual or perennial
* woody or herbaceous
* long trailing/climbing stems
* special climbing structures
* sometimes exhibit heteroblasty

why use sci names?

* shows relatedness among taxa
* mult plants share common names
* common names vary by area
* legal consequences
* professionalism
* product labeling

classification levels

family → genus → species → cultivar or variety

family \[pl: families\]

closely related group of 1+ genera

genus \[pl: genera\]

closely related group of 1+ species

cultivar

man-made

variety

naturally created

texas problems

* ball moss
* mistletoe
* oak wilt
* tent caterpillars
* wetwood
* Dutch elm disease
* galls
* fire ants
* Asian long-horned beetle
* fall webworm
* emerald ash borer

ball moss \[*Tillandsia recurvata*\]

* chem control \[applied in late winter\]
* copper spray
* baking soda
* mechanical control

mistletoe \[*Phoradendron*\]

* **NO** chem herbicides
* ethylene
* mechanical control *before* fruiting
* water oak, spanish oak, elms, hackberries

Oak wilt \[*Ceratocystis fagacearum*\]

* red oaks attacked
* through roots or beetle feeding commonly
* prune in dormancy or summer
* cover with pruning paint
* systemic fungicides
* plowing
* diversify plants
* symptoms: fungal mats, diseased leaf
* active FEB-MAY

plow lines

* primary: one line
* presumes all trees inside line die and are removed
* 90% success
* secondary: use of both primary and secondary lines
* more plowing → more $
* saves more trees!
* saves \~50% of trees between primary and secondary
* PPZL injections: fungicide pumped into tree
* provides extra insurance of survival
* expensive

vines

* Euonymus spp.
* Hedera helix
* Lonicera japonica
* Bignonia capreolata
* Jasminum polyanthum
* Lonicera sempervirens
* Trachelospermum asiaticum
* Trachelospermum jasminoides
* Bauhinia corymbosa
* Ficus pumila
* Gelsemium sempervirens
* Rosa spp. \[climbing var.\]

barrier plants

* Chinese Holly
* all of its cvs. -- ‘Nellie Stevens’, ‘Burfordii’, ‘Dwarf Burford’
* \

difference between Ilex cornuta cvs.

* I. cornuta: 3 spikes \[1 on each side, one at tip\]
* cv. ‘Burfordii’: 1 spike \[at tip\]
* cv. ‘Dward Burford’: 1 spike \[at tip; plant is smaller than Burfordii cv.
* cv. ‘Nellie Stevens’: 5 spikes \[2 on each side, one at tip\]

toxic/poisonous or otherwise dangerous

* Oleander \[all parts\]
* TX Mountain Laurel \[contains alkaloid sophorine; red seeds poisonous\]
* Poison Ivy
* English Ivy \[fruits are especially inedible\]
* Carolina Jessamine \[all parts\]

edible

* lavender \[leaf\]
* Rosemary \[leaf\]
* Camellia \[leaves can be dried\]
* Bay Laurel \[leaf\]
* Olive \[fruit\]
* Mexican Oregano \[leaf\]
* agarita \[fruit\]
* TX barberry \[berries\]
* Yaupon Holly \[leaves\]
* Barbados Cherry \[fruit\]
* Rose \[flower petals\]
* Loquat \[Fruit\]
* Pineapple Guava \[fruit\]
* TX madrone \[fruit\]
* Anacua \[fruit\]
* Evergreen sumac \[fruit has citric taste when pulp is extracted and eaten → teas, etc\]

noticeable scent/weird scent

* lavender
* Rosemary
* eucalyptus
* Tree of Heaven -- peanut butter bark
* Mexican Oregano
* Callery Pear -- semen? vomit/rotting fish
* Almond Verbena -- vanilla/almond
* Bee bush -- vanilla
* Agarita
* Thyrallis -- subtle scent
* Gardenia
* Leatherleaf Mahonia
* Myrtle \[foliage is pungent\]
* Chinese Fringe Flower
* southern barberry \[crushed foliage\]
* Chinese Photinia
* Pittosporum
* Firethorn -- fishy scent almost
* rose
* TX mountain laurel -- grape kool-aid?
* Eleagnus
* Loquat
* Bay laurel \[leaf crushed = bay leaf scent from cooking\]
* Waxleaf ligustrum
* Sweet Viburnum
* Laurustinus \[slight scent\]
* Sanankwa Viburnum
* Common Bottlebrush \[leaves = lemon scent when crushed\]
* Anacua
* Southern magnolia
* Afghan Pine \[leaves = fresh fragrance\]
* Carolina Jessamine
* pink jasmine
* Japanese honeysuckle

great for pollinators/other wildlife \[hummingbirds, etc\]

* thyrallis
* gardenia
* lavender
* Sweet viburnum
* common bottlebrush
* Almond Verbena
* Bee Bush
* TX olive -- edible for wildlife, will make tipsy when eaten in excessive amounts
* Eastern red cedar -- fruits edible for wildlife, often birds

deer tolerant

* Agarita
* TX barberry
* Creeping juniper
* Lavender
* TX Sage
* Leatherleaf Mahonia
* Oleander
* Japanese plum yew

texas natives

* Aesculus pavia
* Quercus polymorpha
* Ulmus alata
* Ungnadia speciosa
* Gelsemium sempervirens
* Parkinsonia aculeata
* Bauhinia lunarioides
* Cordia boissieri
* Ehretia anacua
* Juniperus ashei
* Arbutus xalapensis
* Myrica cerifera
* Sophora secundiflora
* Berberis trifoliolata
* Berberis swaseyi
* Ilex vomitoria
* Leucophyllum frutescens
* Malpighia glabra
* Aloysia gratissima
* Bauhinia lunarioides
* Ehretia anacua
* Juniperus ashei
* Gelsemium sempervirens
* Parkinsonia aculeata

seeds must be scarified or otherwise

* TX mountain laurel \[mechanically or with sulfuric acid\]

weird parts/unique

* Palo Verde -- green stems and interesting leaves, thorns
* Nandina -- purplish foliage
* TX mountain laurel -- dog poo seed pods
* Anacacho Orchid -- leaves are two-lobed, flowers are unique
* Anacua -- leaves feel like sandpaper, orangish tint bark
* Southern Magnolia -- large flowers and extremely leathery leaves

small shrub

* Berberis swaseyi
* Buxus spp.
* Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’
* Lavandula angustifolia
* Malpighia glabra
* Rosmarinus officinalis
* Mimosa borealis

groundcovers

* Juniperus horizontalis
* Juniperus procumbens

large shrub

* Aucuba japonica
* Berberis trifoliolata
* Berberis trifoliolata ? \[vine like\]
* Ilex vomitoria ‘Pendula’
* Ilex vomitoria ‘Will Fleming’
* Myrtus communis
* Loropetalum chinense
* Nerium oleander
* Myrica cerifera
* Nandina domestica
* Photinia serratifolia
* Photinia x fraseri
* Pittosporum tobira
* Acca sellowiana
* Callistemon citrinus
* Camellia spp.
* Elaeagnus pungens
* Ilex cornuta
* Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii’
* Ligustrum japonicum
* Ligustrum sinense
* Ligustrum lucidum
* Viburnum tinus
* Juniperus ashei
* Rhus virens
* Xylosma congestum
* Aesculus pavia
* Fatsia japonica
* Osmanthus spp.

medium shrub

* Abelia x grandiflora
* Cotoneaster glaucophyllus
* Galphimia gracilis
* Gardenia jasminoides
* Leucophyllum frutescens
* Mahonia bealei
* Rhaphiolepis spp.
* Rosa spp.
* Cephalotaxus harringtonia
* Pyracantha spp.
* Ilex cornuta ‘Dwarf Burford’
* Juniperus x pfitzeriana
* Viburnum suspensum
* Aloysia virgata
* Aloysia gratissima
* Euonymus spp.
* Buddleja davidii
* Berberis thunbergii
* Lonicera fragrantissima
* Calliandra tergermina var. emarginata

small tree

* Ilex vomitoria


* Myrica cerifera
* Podocarpus marcophyllus var. maki
* Thuja orientalis
* Sophora secundiflora
* Teucrium fruticans
* Taxus spp.
* Arbutus xalapensis
* Arbutus unedo
* Eriobotrya japonica
* Juniperus scopulorum ‘Tolleson’s Weeping’
* Olea europaea
* Viburnum odoratissimum
* Laurus nobilis
* Trachycarpus fortunei
* Chamaerops humilis
* Bauhinia lunarioides
* Cordia boissieri
* Cupressus arizonica
* Eucalyptus spp.
* Juniperus virginiana
* Pinus thunbergii
* Rhus virens
* Parkinsonia aculeata
* Lagerstroemia indica
* Ilex decidua
* Ulmus alata
* Ulmus parvifolia
* Ungnadia speciosa

large tree

* Quercus polymorpha
* Quercus virginiana
* Quercus fusiformis
* X Cupressocyparis leylandii
* Cupressus sempervirens
* Ehretia anacua
* Eucalyptus spp.
* Magnolia grandiflora
* Pinus eldarica
* Platanus occidentalis
* Platanus mexicana
* Taxodium distichum
* Taxodium mucronatum

Caprifoliaceae \* __*Honeysuckle*__

* Abelia x grandiflora
* Lonicera japonica
* Lonicera sempervirens
* Lonicera fragrantissima

Garryaceae __*Silktassels*__

* Aucuba japonica
* Garrya ovata var. lindheimeri

Berberidaceae \* __*Barberry*__

* Berberis trifoliolata
* Berberis swaseyi
* Mahonia bealei
* Nandina domestica
* Berberis thunbergii

Buxaceae __*Box*__

* Buxus spp.

Rosaceae \* __*Rose*__

* Cotoneaster glaucophyllus
* Photinia serratifolia
* Photinia x fraseri
* Rhaphiolepis spp.
* Rosa spp.
* Pyracantha spp.
* Eriobotrya japonica
* Chaenomeles spp.
* Prunus persica
* Prunus cerasifera
* Spiraea spp.
* Prunus serotina var. eximia
* Prunus mexicana
* Malus spp.

Malpighiaceae \*

* Galphimia gracilis
* Malpighia glabra
* Mascagnia macroptera

Rubiaceae

* Gardenia jasminoides

Oleaceae \* __*Olive*__

* Jasminum mesnyi
* Ligustrum japonica
* Ligustrum sinense
* Ligustrum lucidum
* Olea europaea
* Jasminum polyanthum
* Jasminum sambac
* Osmanthus spp.
* Forestiera angustifolia
* Fraxinus texensis
* F. veluntina

Cupressaceae \* __*Cypress*__

* Juniperus procumbens
* Juniperus horizontalis
* Juniperus scopulorum ‘Tolleson’s Weeping’
* Juniperus x pfitzeriana
* X Cupressocyparis leylandii
* Cupressus arizonica
* Cupressus sempervirens
* Thuja orientalis
* Juniperus ashei
* Juniperus virginiana
* Taxodium mucronatum
* Taxodium distichum
* Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Aquifoliaceae \* __*Holly*__

* Ilex vomitoria
* ‘Nana’
* ‘Pendula’
* ‘Will Fleming’
* Ilex cornuta
* ‘Burfordii’
* ‘Dwarf Burford’
* ‘Nellie Stevens’
* Ilex decidua

Lamiaceae \* __*Mint*__

* Lavandula angustifolia
* Rosmarinus officinalis
* Teucrium fruticans
* Callicarpa americana
* Poliomintha longiflora
* Vitex trifolia ‘purpurea’
* V. rotundifolia

Scrophulariaceae __*Figworts*__

* Leucophyllum frutescens
* Buddleja davidii

Myrtaceae \* __*Myrtle*__

* Myrtus communis
* Callistemon citrinus
* Acca sellowiana
* Eucalyptus spp.

Hamamelidaceae __*Witch-hazels*__

* Loropetalum chinense

Apocynaceae \* __*Dogbanes*__

* Nerium oleander
* Trachelospermum asiaticum
* Trachelospermum jasminoides
* Vinca minor

Myricaceae

* Myrica cerifera

Pittosporaceae

* Pittosporum tobira

Podocarpaceae

* Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki

Fabaceae/Leguminosae \* __*Legumes*__

* Sophora secundiflora
* Bauhinia lunarioides
* Parkinsonia aculeata
* Bauhinia purpurea
* Mimosa borealis
* Calliandra tergemina var. emarginata
* Gleditsia triacanthos fo. inermis
* Senna corymbosa
* Sophora affinis
* Albizia julibrissin
* Eysenhardtia texana
* Leucaena retusa
* Myrospermum sousanum
* Ebenopsis ebano
* Acacia berlandierii
* Prosopis glandulosa
* Prosopis alba ‘Laurie’
* Wisteria sinensis
* Wisteria frutescens

Cephalotaxaceae

* Cephalotaxus harringtonia

Taxaceae

* Taxus spp.

Theaceae

* Camellia spp.

Adoxaceae __*Moschatel*__

* Viburnum suspensum
* V. tinus
* V. odoratissimum
* V. rufidulum

Elaeagnaceae

* Elaeagnus pungens

Ericaceae __*Heaths*__

* Arbutus xalapensis
* A. unedo
* Rhododendron spp.

Lauraceae __*Laurels*__

* Laurus nobilis

Arecaceae __*Palms*__

* Trachycarpus fortunei
* Chamaerops humilis
* Butia capitata

Boraginaceae

* Cordia boissieri
* Ehretia anacua

Magnoliaceae

* Magnolia grandiflora

Pinaceae __*Pines*__

* Pinus eldarica
* P. thunbergii
* Pinus pinea

Fagaceae __*Beech*__

* Quercus virginiana
* Q. fusiformis
* Q. polymorpha
* Q. shumardii
* Q. laceyi
* Q. macrocarpa
* Q. muehlenbergii
* Q. vaceyana
* Q. buckleyi
* Q. canbyi

Anacardiaceae __*Cashews*__

* Rhus virens
* R. lanceolata
* R. aromatica
* Pistachia chinensis
* P. mexicana
* Toxicodendron radicans/Rhus radicans
* Cotinus coggygria

Verbenaceae __*Verbenas*__

* Aloysia virgata
* A. gratissima
* Vitex agnus-castus

Celastraceae

* Euonymus spp.

Araliaceae

* Fatsia japonica
* Hedera helix

Bignoniaceae __*Bignonias*__

* Bignonia capreolata
* Tecoma stans
* Catalpa speciosa
* C. bignonioides
* Chilopsis linearis
* Campsis radicans

Moraceae __*Mulberry*__

* Ficus pumila
* Ficus carica
* Morus alba
* M. alba ‘Pendula’
* Broussonetia papyrifera
* Maclura pomifera

Gelsemiaceae

* Gelsemium sempervirens

Lythraceae

* Lagerstroemia indica

Platanaceae __*Plane trees*__

* Platanus occidentalis
* P. mexicana

Salicaceae __*Willows*__

* Xylosma congestum
* Populus deltoides
* Salix nigra
* S. matsudana

Elaeocarpaceae

* Elaeocarpus decipiens

Sapindaceae __*Soapberry*__

* Ungnadia speciosa
* Aesculus pavia
* Acer grandidentatum
* A. negundo
* A. palmatum
* A. rubrum
* A. truncatum
* Koelreuteria spp.

Ulmaceae __*Elm*__

* Ulmus alata
* U. parvifolia
* U. americana
* U. crassifolia
* U. pumila
* Celtis spp.

types of leaf margins

some important ones:

* dentate
* doubly serrate
* crenate
* entire
* lobate
* obovate
* serrate
* undulate

palmate vs. pinnate vs. simple

* palmate: looks like a palm, leaflets are joined in one spot
* pinnately compound: A leaf that is divided into smaller leaflets, those leaflets arranged on each side of the leaf's central stalk/rachis (axis).
* odd pinnate, even pinnate
* once pinnate, bipinnate
* simple: one leaf, no leaflets

\
__*important difference = where the axillary bud is located*__

types of leaf arrangements

* alternate \[A\]: leaves alternate along the stem, so that only a single leaf is attached at each node
* compound \[B\]: leaves in pairs along the stem, so that two leaves are attached at each node
* whorled \[C\]: three or more equally spaced leaves at a node

leaf shapes

Important/frequently seen in this class:

* linear
* oblong
* lanceolate
* oblanceolate
* cuneate
* pinnate
* bipinnate
* ovate
* elliptical
* obovate
* elliptical
* palmate
* cordate

venation types

* pinnate
* dichotomous \[like Ginkgo--see term image\]
* palmate
* parallel

Acanthaceae

* Anisacanthus quadrifidus var. wrightii

Juglandaceae __*Walnuts*__

* Juglans nigra
* Carya illinoinensis

Hydrangeaceae __*Hydrangeas*__

* Hydrangea macrophylla
* Hydrangea quercifolia

Lythraceae (Punicaceae)

* Punica granatum

Malvaceae __*Mallows*__

* Hibiscus syriacus
* Pavonia lasiopetala
* Firmiana simplex

Euphorbiaceae

* Sapium sebiferum

Pentaphylacaceae

* Cleyera japonica

Simaroubaceae

* Ailanthus altissima

Vitaceae

* Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Solanaceae

* Cestrum aurantiacum

Ebenaceae

* Diospyros texana

Ginkgoaceae

* Ginkgo biloba

Altingiaceae

* Liquidambar styraciflua

Rutaceae

* Citrus spp.

tent caterpillars

* eastern (Malacosoma americanum)
* western (M. californicum)
* sonoran (M. tigris)

* attack several types of broadleaf shrubs/trees
* ugly → nuisance
* defoliation → reduced growth/vigor
* moths lay eggs in spring, hatch as plants leaf out, feed and form webs, pupate, moths emerge
* DETECT EARLY!
* mechanical control
* biological control (Bacillus thuringiensis) on foliage--not on worms
* chem control

Wetwood (Bacterical wetwood, bacterial slime, slimeflux)

* cottonwood, elm, willow, honeylocust, maple
* yellow-brown discoloration of wood
* high internal gas pressure due to bacteria activity
* inhibits callus formation, kills new growth/cambial tissue
* some insects feed on slime → no need for control
* manage = prevent stress to roots/stems