The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

A manufacturing period of rapid industrial development that began in England in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Western Europe, The U.S, and the world

modern

Big Idea: The IR makes the world more..

Britain

the country that the IR takes off in

landscape, resources, challenges, financial support

reasons why the IR started in its country

Enclosure Movement

a series of laws that redistributed small farms into big pieces of land to sell to wealthy family farming industries

crop rotation

a farming technique where crops are rotated every season to redistribute nutrients and leads to a higher yield

more food, more people, more people, people need places to live

effect of crop rotation

Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship

Britain’s 4 factors of production

Textile Industry

Britain’s big industry that helped develop the IR

Spinning Jenny

a big wheel that turned raw material into thread

Power Loom

Industrial machine that greatly sped up the production of fabric

mechanization

the process of creating things by machine

specialization

when someone is very skilled in a task in a factory

hourly wage

because of specialization, workers now had a(n)..

very few

differently than us, in the 19th century, people would buy ____ outfits a year

reliable

although factory conditions were terrible, it was still a more ____ job than farming

Rise of Middle Class

the increase of people with money to spend, however weren’t exactly rich

Bourgeoise

the upper middle class during the IR that had political power and owned factories and property

Factory Reform Legislation

laws passed by Parliament regulating factory work in response to the people begging for help from bad working conditions

The Factory Act of 1850

a law that limited children’s weekly hours to 60 and daily hours to 10.5

Capitalism

economic political system where industry business is privately controlled for profit

Industrial Capitalism

form of capitalism created by factories ; division of labor, specialization, assembly line, mass production

mass production

goods being produced cheaply in bulk

Mercantilism

belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and you must take it, different from capitalism

Monopoly

a mercantilistic idea that there is no competition but instead a complete control of a product or business by one person or group who sets the prices

Adam Smith

the father of capitalism

Wealth of Nations

a book by Adam Smith

Laisse Faire

“let do”; an argument that in trade and in business there should be no government involved , free enterprise, ability to trade without taxes

Unseen Hand

unseen force that controls prices and business practices

Corporation

a group of people or a company that acts as a single entity

Labor Union

Associations of workers that collected dues, went on strike, and made collective demands of factory owners

strike

a large group of workers who stop working in protest of wages and working conditions

utilitarianism

philosophy that advocates that a morally right action does the most amount of good for the most people

Jeremy Bentham

a person who believed laws are useful if they benefit “the greatest number of people”; applied to reform of public education, justice, and prison systems

John Stuart Mill

a person who rejected economic systems that left people in poverty; promoted education for all and a guarantee of individual liberty

Karl Marx

a philosopher that is the originator of the fundamental theory of communism

The Communist Manifesto

a book that argues that the working class is exploited by the factory owners

Proletariat

the working class that is exploited by the Bourgeoise

Socialism

a precursor to communism where the means of production are controlled by the government

Communism

a total collective ownership and the absence of all private property and government

Fredrich Engles

the co-writer to Karl Marx of the Communist Manifesto

outcomes of IR

Increased standard of living, increased wealth, rising food production, rapid increase in global population, increasing interconnectedness, increase in innovation, rising inequality, imperialism, climate change, worker exploitation

steam engine

used coal to boil water for running engines, eliminated the need for factories to be built by running water, improved efficiency and transportation

Domestic System

the production of goods in a household setting with low output and higher production costs

Collective Bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions & management to improve working conditions and wages

Fast Fashion

the modern tactic of producing clothing cheaply, quickly, and in bulk; often includes the exploitation of workers

Luddites

people who protested against factory technology