AP World History Study Guide Unit 1-9

Flashcards for AP World History Unit 1 Review

Significance of the Song Dynasty

China enjoyed great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations.

The Grand Canal

An efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Gunpowder

Technology of gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads

Tributes

An arrangement to gain income in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

Social Structures in China

Providing aid to the poor and establishing public hospitals

Social Structures in China

It was expected that women would defer to men.

Three forms of Buddhism from India that came to shape Asia

Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism

Neo-Confucianism

It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Daimyo

Landowning aristocrats in Japan.

Shogun

Military ruler installed in Japan in 1192.

Korea Connection to China

Location gave it a very direct relationship with China and had a tributary relationship. They centralized its government in the style of the Chinese and adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

Vietnam Social Structures

Vietnamese women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives than did Chinese women in the Confucian tradition. Vietnamese preferred nuclear families, and their villages operated independently of a national government.

Advances in mathematics in Dar al-Islam

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject.

Advances in medicine in Dar al-Islam

Medical advances and hospital care improved in cities such as Cairo, while doctors and pharmacists studied for examinations for licenses that would allow them to practice.

Muslim women enjoyed a higher status

Allowed to inherit property and retain ownership after marriage. They could remarry if widowed, receive a cash settlement if divorced, and practice birth control.

Islamic Rule in Spain

Umayyad rulers in Córdoba created a climate of toleration, with Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisting peacefully and promoting trade.

Political Structures in South Asia

The first kingdom, the Chola Dynasty, reigned over southern India for more than 400 years (850—1267).

Political Structures in South Asia

Bringing Islam into India, the Delhi Sultanate reigned for 300 years, from the l3th through the l6th centuries.

The Bhakti Movement

Some Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life and concentrated on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity.

The Srivijaya Empire

Was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra that built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships that traveled between India and China.

The Majapahit Kingdom

Based on Java and had 98 tributaries at its height. Like Srivijaya, Majapahit held onto its power by controlling sea routes, but Majapahit was Buddhist.

The Khmer Empire

Situated near the Mekong River and was not dependent on maritime prowess for its power. The kingdom’s complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity.

The Mississippian Culture

First large-scale civilization in North America.

The Maya City-States

The main source of Mayan government and was each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory.

The Aztecs

Developed a tributary system and a theocracy government. They worshipped hundreds of deities and involved a great many rituals and feast days as well as human sacrifices.

The Inca

Were subject to the mit’a system, mandatory public service. They had a bureaucracy and developed sophisticated terrace systems for the cultivation of crops such as potatoes and maize.

Political Structures in Inland Africa

The development of Sub-Saharan Africa was heavily formed by the migrations of Bantu-speaking people outward from west-central Africa.

Zimbabwe

Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold. It had rich gold fields.

Ethiopia

Christianity had spread from its origins along the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea south into Egypt and beyond. Ethiopia flourished by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa.

Cultural Life in Sub-Saharan Africa

Because traditional African religions included ancestor veneration, song lyrics provided a means of communicating with the spirit world.

Feudalism: Political and Social Systems

Provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord.

Feudalism: Political and Social Systems

Wealth was measured in land rather than in cash

The manorial system

Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. The manor produced everything that people living on it required

Political Trends in the Later Middle Ages

Monarchies grew more powerful at the expense of feudal lords by employing their own bureaucracy and military

The Estates-General

Was a body that advised the king which included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages

The Christian Church was broken into two branches, a split called the Great Schism: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

Christian Crusades

Economic and social trends of the 11th century added to the pressure among Europeans to invade the Middle East

Renaissance

Was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue

Johannes Gutenberg’s movable-type printing press

Permitted manuscripts to be mass-produced at relatively affordable costs. It led to a growth in literacy and the rapid spread of ideas.

Humanism

The focus on individuals rather than God. Humanists sought education and reform.

Examples of the Emergence of New States

Mamluk Empire, Seljuk Empire, and Delhi Sultanate

State-Building through Trade

Paper manufacturing, which was invented in China in the 2nd century B.C.E., it spread across Eurasia, reaching Europe around the l3th century.

Patriarchy and Religion

Social organization in most cultures remained patriarchal; women in China lost independence as the custom of foot binding became more common.

The Crusades

Helped pave the way to expanding networks of exchange, as lords and their armies of knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East

Rise of the Mongol Empire

Unified parts of the Silk Roads under one authority that respected merchants and enforced laws. The Mongols improved roads and punished bandits

flying cash

To manage the increasing trade, China developed new financial systems. The copper coins they used became too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions, so the government developed a system of credit.

Genghis Khan expansionist period

In 1210, Genghis Khan and his troops headed east and attacked the powerful Jin Empire. In 1219, Khan conquered both the Central Asian Kara Khitai Empire and the Islamic Khwarazm Empire farther west.

The Long-Term Impact of the Mongolian Invasions

The Mongols transferred Greco-Islamic medical knowledge and the Arabic numbering system to Western Europe and built a system of roads.

Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean

Trade of enslaved people also played a role in exchanges in the Indian Ocean.

Growth of States

The trading networks in the Indian Ocean fostered the growth of states to help institutionalize the revenue from trade.

Swahili City-States

Thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa that occurred because of the Indian Ocean trade.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Merchants also brought Islam, which spread into Sub-Saharan Africa as a result.

West African Empire Expansion

The government of Mali profited from the gold trade, but it also taxed nearly all other trade entering West Africa. The great cities of Timbuktu and Gao accumulated the most wealth and developed into centers of Muslim life in the region.

Ibn Rushd

Ismalic legal scholar and philosopher

Influence of Buddhism on East Asian Culture

Buddhist monk Xuanzang helped make it popular.

Scientific and Technological Innovations

Islamic scholars translated Greek literary classics into Arabic, saving the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers.

Environmental Degradation

Increases in population put pressure on resources. For example, overgrazing outside of Great Zimbabwe was so severe that people had to abandon the city in the late 1400s.

Spread of Epidemics through Exchange Networks

The Mongol conquests helped to transmit the fleas that carried the Bubonic Plague from southern China to Central Asia, and from there to Southeast Asia and Europe.

The Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires.

Are Gunpowder Empires that refer to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories

Centralizing Control in Europe

King James believed in the divine right of kings, a common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by God.

Justices of the Peace

Officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the counties of England.

Reigning in Control of the Russian Empire

Peter the Great reorganized the Russian government by creating provinces and paid provincial officials a salary, replacing the old system of local officials "feeding off the land."

St. Petersburg

workers built the famous Winter Palace designed in a European rather than Byzantine style to show Peter’s admiration of western Europe and its rulers

Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation

The Council of Trent corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals and improving the education of priests.

Thirty Years’ War

The war culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, which allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.

Scientific Revolution

English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Lutheranism

Was a German monk named Martin Luther concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings

Military Might

One way that Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire used slave soldiers

The voyages by Columbus

Connected people across the Atlantic Ocean. These traders became go-betweens linking Afro-Eurasia and the Americas and obtained sugar, tobacco, and rum from the Americas. From Africa, they obtained enslaved people, and from Asia, they obtained silk spices and rhubarb.

Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology

Portuguese ruler Prince Henry the Navigator strongly supported exploration. He financed expeditions along Africa’s Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope.

Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology

Long-term result of combining navigational techniques invented in Europe with those from other areas of the world was a rapid expansion of exploration and global trade

Zheng He of China

Connected trade networks with India and explored India, Middle East, and Africa. This country decided not to continue exploring

John Cabot of England

Discovered North America to find a sea route to the East by going west from Europe Claimed land in Canada for Britain and established a shorter, more northerly route across the Atlantic than Columbus's route.

Vasco da Gama

Explorer for Portugal explored West coast of Africa and India to open a sea route from Europe to India and China Portugal expanded trade and cultural exchange betweenIndia and Europe

Christopher Columbus

Explorer from Spain explored Caribbean islands and Central America to find a sea route to India and China going west from Europe. Country led led the European exploration and colonization of the Americas

Diseases and Population Catastrophe

The indigenous people of the Americas had no prior exposure—and therefore no immunity—to the germs and diseases brought by Europeans.

Cash Crops and Forced Labor

Slavery and plantation of sugar became profitable in European markets dramatically increased the number of Africans captured and sold through the transatlantic slave trade.

Cash Crops and Forced Labor

Portuguese began to import enslaved people from Africa, especially from the Kongo Kingdom and cities on the Swahili coast, for sugar cultivation.

The Scramble for Africa

New borders divided long-unified societies into different colonies and united longtime rival groups into the same colonies.

U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific

Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere

Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas

Ghost Dance, resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, marking the end of the Indian Wars and a loss for the Natives

Technological Developments

Introduction of railroads lowered the cost of transporting raw materials for shipment and helped open up colonial markets for manufactured goods.

Economic Imperialism in Asia

English East India Company formed in 1600 to engage in the lucrative spice trade with opposition from the Dutch

Economic Imperialism in Asia

Dutch East India Company had a monopoly on trade with the Dutch East Indies in present-day Indonesia, where the Spice Islands were located.

Migration through Labor Systems

India laborers migrated to British colonies in the Caribbean, South Africa, East Africa, and Fiji. Chinese laborers migrated to California and British Malaya.

Chinese enclaves

Thrived under colonial rule.

Racial Equality US

Won major victories against discrimination and segregation through landmarks civil rights acts

Regulations Against Immigration and Prejudice

California constitution of 1879 included several provisions that discriminated against the Chinese.

Revolution in Russia

By the early 20th century Russia was falling behind most of Europe, the United States, and Japan's wealth and power.

Upheaval in China

A country that's internal structure consisted of dozens of ethnic groups with an inability to expand the amount of farmland or productivity rapidly enough to provide a stable food supply, led to them entering the 20th century as an independent nation firmly under the control of a dictator, Portirio Diaz

What caused World War I?

MANIA: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination

Changes in Warfare

Poison gas was one of the most insidious weapons of the new style of warfare. Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas were used.

Total War

Propaganda is communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information. Posters and articles in newspapers and magazines often depicted the enemy crudely or misrepresented the facts of the war completely.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

League of Nations, an organization in which all nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly.

The Great Depression

Agricultural overproduction and the United States’ stock market crash in 1929 were two major causes of the global economic downturn.

Political Revolutions in Russia

Russia reintroduces private trade under Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP), allowing farmers to sell their products on a small scale.

Franco in Spain

The Spanish Civil War took on global significance as a struggle between the forces of democracy and the forces of fascism culminated with Franco defeated the Loyalist army

Effects of the War

Allied countries increased their imperial holdings through a new form of colonization

Anti-Colonialism in South Asia

Satyagraha (“devotion-to-truth”) movement encouraged Indians to break unjust laws and serve jail time.

Nationalism in East Asia

Known for May Fourth Movement which symbolized China’s growing nationalism and demand for democracy