Set 2: Biases and Critical Thinking

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10 Terms

1
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Critical Thinking

The ability to analyze information and evaluate its validity in order to make reasoned judgments and decisions.

2
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Cognitive Bias

Error in thinking that involves processing threatening information or interpreting ambiguous information negatively

3
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Confirmation Bias

The tendency to favor information that confirms your existing beliefs.

4
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Hindsight Bias

People claim they knew something would happen when they didn’t state it would before the something happened (“I knew it all along” syndrome).

5
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Social Desirability Bias

The tendency of people to respond in a manner that is more favored by others rather than being honest.

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Experimenter Bias

Occurs when the researcher’s expectations or beliefs about the outcome of a study influence the results.

7
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Self-reporting Bias

Occurs when subjects change their responses often to impress/appease researchers

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Sample Bias

Occurs when the sample is not representative of the larger population, which causes inaccurate or misleading results.

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Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

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Wording Effect

Changes in phrasing influence survey responses.

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