Plant Stuff Lab practical #2

herb

herb

No above ground persistent woody tissue but many have underground perennating structures.

Sub-Shrub

Lower stems woody but upper stems herbaceous

Shrub

A woody low-stature perennial plant with one to

Tree

A large woody perennial plant with one to several relatively massive trunks.

Succulent

Possessing thick usually soft, watery leaves and/or stems (there are stem & leaf succulents)

Vine

A woody or herbaceous plant with a long slender, more or less flexible stem.

Liana

A woody, climbing vine (characteristic of the tropics)

Annual

Completes life-cycle in one growing season

Biennial

Completes life cycle in two growing seasons

Perenial

Lives for more than two growing seasons

Deciduous (Leaf persistence)

loses leaves during unfavorable conditions (such as at the end of each growing season)

Evergreen (Leaf persistence)

Bearing green foliage all year round

Taproot (Root type)

Central main root that descends vertically, larger than any branching root

Fibrous (Root type)

Thin, thread-like roots arising from a taproot or from stem tissue

Adventitious (Root type)

Roots that originate from any part of the plant other than the root system

Aerial (stem type)

An erect or prostrate stem (the most common)

Stolon (stem type)

A horizontal stem near the ground surface that produces new plants at its nodes or tip (runner)

Rhizome (stem type)

An underground horizontal persistent stem; its leaves are often reduced to scales and it usually bear adventitious roots and buds

Bulb (stem type)

A thickened, underground, short, vertical stem with large storage leaves; usually below ground

Corm (stem type)

A solid, erect, underground stem with leaves absent or dry and scale-like

Tuber (stem type)

A solid, enlarged underground, horizontal stem that serves as a storage area for food reserves.

Simple Leaf (leaf complexity)

has a single blade above the axillary bud (located below the petiole "the stem part")

Compound Leaf (leaf complexity)

has more than one blade attached to the petiole (stem part of the leaf)

trifoliate (leaf complexity)

Three separate leaves arising from the same nodes

trifoliolate (leaf complexity)

a compound leaf with three leaflets

pinnately compound leaf (leaf complexity)

A leaf in which there are more than three leaflets (Pinna pl. Pinnae) arranged in two rows along 1 degree rachis

bipinnately compound leaf (leaf complexity)

A leaf that is divided twice (had a 1 degree and 2 degree rachis)

Tripinnately compound leaf (leaf complexity)

A leaf that is divided three times (have primary, secondary, and tertiary rachis)

palmately compound leaf (leaf complexity)

A compound leaf where the leaflets arise from common point of attachment (no rachis)

leaf blade (leaf parts)

expanded portion of a leaf

leaflet (leaf parts)

one of the segments of a compound leaf

pinna (pl. pinnare) (leaf parts)

The leaflets of a pinnately compound leaf

Pinnule (leaf parts)

The leaflets of a pinnately and tripinnately

Petiole (leaf parts)

the stalk of a leaf

Petiolule (leaf parts)

the stalk of a leaflet

Rachis (leaf parts)

The axis of a pinnately compound leaf

Petiolate (leaf attachment)

leaf has a petiole

Sessile (leaf attachment)

leaf lacks a petiole

Subsessile (leaf attachment)

leaf possess a very short petiole

Sheating (leaf attachment)

leaf base enwraps stem

Basal (leaf arrangement)

Leaves attached to a rhizome or underground stem

cauline (leaf attachment)

leaves attached to an above-ground stem

alternative (cauline) (leaf attachment)

one leaf per node

opposite (cauline) (leaf attachment)

two leaves per node

whorled (cauline) (leaf attachment)

three or more leaves per node

linear (leaf blade shape)

long and narrow with the side parallel (>4:1)

oblong (leaf blade shape)

nearly rectangular with the sides parallel (2-4:1)

Lanceolate (leaf blade shape)

spear-shaped; widening above base and then long tapering to apex (3-4:1)

Ovate (leaf blade shape)

egg-shaped; broadest near base (<3:1)

Obovate (leaf blade shape)

ovate, but with narrower end towards point of attachment (the prefix "ob" means opposite, so "obovate" is the opposite of "ovate")

Elliptic (leaf blade shape)

Widest near middle and tapering at both ends

Orbicular (leaf blade shape)

circle shaped

Reinform (leaf blade shape)

kidney shaped

Parallel (Leaf Venation)

Veins lie roughly parallel to the leaf margins

pinnate (Leaf Venation)

central mid-vien with many 2 degree veins emergung on both sides

palmate (Leaf Venation)

all 1 degree veins arise at the same point at the base of the leaf

Acuminate (leaf apex)

Sharp, ending in a long-tapering point with concave sidesq

Acute (leaf apex)

sharp, ending in a point with straight sides to the apex (<90. degrees)

Obtuse (leaf apex)

blunt, rounded (> 90 degrees)

Mucronate (leaf apex)

A small,. abrupt point

Acuminate (leaf bases)

Sharp, long-tapering point

Acute (leaf bases)

Sharp (< 90 degrees)

Obtuse (leaf bases)

blunt (>90 degrees)

Cordate (leaf bases)

heart-shaped (equal rounded lobes at the base)

Oblique (leaf bases)

Unequal sized lobes at base

pelate (leaf bases)

Umbrella like; the petiole is attached to the blade inside of the margin; leaf often orbicular in shape.

Entire (leaf margin)

A margin without any toothing or divison

Serrate (leaf margin)

sharp teeth pointing toward the apex

Crenate (leaf margin)

scalloped or round-toothed

Dentate (leaf margin)

sharp teeth projecting at right angles from the margin

Pinnately lobed (leaf margin)

lobes towards the midrib but not reaching it

palmately lobed (leaf margin)

Glabrous (leaf surface)

lacking hairs (trichomes); a smooth surface

Glandular (leaf surface)

hairs that bear glands that break down into sticky beads of fluid; may be stalked (stipitate) or sessile

pubecent (leaf surface)

covered with hairs (trichomes)

Stellate (leaf surface)

Hairs that branch at or near their base (star-shaped from above)

prickle (special features)

a sharp-pointed outgrowth from the epidermis

spine (special features)

a sharped-pointed modified leaf or leaf part

tendril (special features)

an elongated, twining segment of a leaf, stem or inflorescence by which a plant clings to its support

thron (special features)

a woody, sharp pointed, modified stem (has stem-like vasculature)

synoecious (plant condition)

All flowers on a plant are perfect

monoecious (plant condition)

Both staminate and carpellate flowers occur on the same plant.

diocedious (plant condition)

male and female reproductive organs are found in separate individuals. For instance, male holly trees produce pollen while female holly trees bear fruit.

Apetalous (corolla terms)

lacking petals

Sympetalous (corolla terms)

petals that are connate at least at the base

Bilabiate Corolla (corolla terms)

a zygomorphic, sympetalous corolla with the limb divided into two lips.

Plicate Corolla (corolla terms)

it is folded into pleats, as in a fan.

campanulate (corolla shape)

(of a flower) bell-shaped

Urceolate (corolla shape)

shaped like a pitcher; swelling out like the body of a pitcher and contracted at the orifice, as a corolla.

Laminar Stamens

Ancestral stamens that possess wide and flattened Anthers and very tiny filaments (magnoliaceae)

Epipetalous stamens

stamens that are fused (adnate) to corolla. Key feature of the families is the Asterid clade.

Didynamous stamens

Having two short and two long stamens (e.g. Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae)

Tetradynamous stamens

Having two short and four long stamens (e.g. Brassicaceae)

Monoadelphous

Stamen filaments connate to form one staminal tube (e.g. Malvaceae)

Diadelphous stamens

Stamens united into two, often unequal, sets by selective connation among their filaments (e.g. Fabaceae subfamily Faboideae (9 + 1))

Staminodes

Sterile stamens (they do not produce pollen): variable in form and size

Carpels (gynoecium parts)

the female reproductive unit (the site of ovule production, pollination, and fertilization). One to many seperate or fused carpels comprise a gynoecium.

Stigma (gynoecium parts)

the pollen receptive portion of the gynoecium

Style (gynoecium parts)

The enlonged portion between the stigma and ovary specialized for pollen tube growth

Ovary

Basal portion that surrounds and protects the ovules