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Henry the Navigator
portuguese who took the initial lead in exploration by organizing expeditions on the African Coast, leading Protugal to discover a route around Africa ultimately to India
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer who reached India and opened up trade for spices
Bartolomé de las Casas
Dominican priest who argued against using native populations for slave labor and advocated for Indian rights
Henry VIII
started the Church of England when he was denied an annulment
Martin Luther
Catholic monk that wrote the 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion
John Calvin
French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator
Queen Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise and oversaw the height of the English Renaissance (last tudor of England and created highest cultural and economic period for england after defeating the spanish armada)
Nicholas Copernicus
Developed the heliocentric model. Idea introduced the theory that earth is not the center of the universe
Tycho Brahe
Scientist that followed Copernicus with increased use of data to support his theories and establish ideas on planetary motion→ planets go around sun in elliptical motion
Galileo Galilei
Following Copernicus, he confirmed Copernicus' findings through the use of a telescope and also created laws of inertia & gravity
Caravel
sailing ships from Portuguese
Hacienda
Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these
Encomienda
a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
Silver
found in the New World and dominated the new world economy as the new global currency
Treaty of Tordesillas
agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal
Viceroy
a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
Caste System
Colonial racial classification of people according to skin color and parental lineage (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, natives and africans)
Gunpowder empires
Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes
British East India Company
A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years
Predestination
some people had been chosen by God for salvation
Divine right
Belief that a rulers' authority comes directly from go
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation
Edict of Nantes
document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots
Constitutional monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution
Mercantilism
stressed exports over imports or a favorable balance of trade (Government controlled the market and constantly intervened to protect investments and commerce → Subsidies of export industries to give a competitive advantage in global markets)
Absolutism
a political system in which one ruler or leader has complete power and authority over a country
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages
The Renaissance
cultural and social rebirth from classical greece and rome (individualism, humanism, secularism, skepticism)
Wars of Religion
series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517; disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe, or Christendom
King Philip's War
a coalition of Native American tribes organized under the command of the chief of the Wampanoag Confederacy - Metacom (aka King Philip) (has been called United States' most devastating conflict; one in 10 soldiers on both sides was killed, 1,200 colonists' homes were burned, and vast stores of foodstuffs destroyed
Beaver Wars
Iroquois Confederacy/League began a campaign during which they fought other American Indian groups, including those in the Ohio Country, for their lands and territories in order to gain access to their fur-bearing game animals, especially the beaver and deer
The Glorious Revolution
James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange
The Reformation
Power of the Church is undermined by Martin Luther's 95 Theses; political leaders take advantage of Church's weakness to advance their own power
The Scientific Revolution
Period of scientific advances; people apply logic and reasoning to the laws of the universe instead of faith/theology
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property (tabula rasa)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy --> social contract
Catherine the Great
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism (regarding free trade and free markets→ little to no government involvement or laissez-faire→ Rejects the ideas of mercantilism and favored individual competition)
Maximillien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; "the Incorruptible"; led the Committee of Public Safety; his execution ended the Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Karl Benz
German engineer that developed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine
Niklaus Otto
invented a gasoline powered internal combustion engine
Henry Ford
United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production and made the car more affordable for members of the middle class through his Model T
Jose de San Martin
South American creole general and statesman, born in Argentina; leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru; preferred monarchal styles of authority
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan creole statesman who led the revolt of South American (particularly in the north) colonies against Spanish rule; inspired by the democratic ideals pioneered in the US
Toussaint L'Ouverture
led first major slave revolt that succeeded in Haiti
King Louis XIV
french absolute leader that continued plunging france into unprecedented debt (sun king, established mercantilism, built versailles, revoked edict of nantes)
King Louis XVI
King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution (diamond necklace affair, great fear of 1789, storming of the bastille)
Marie Antoinette
Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband
Social contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules
State of nature
The basis of natural rights philosophy; the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws
Natural rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
Consent of the governed
he idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is justified and lawful only when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised
Free market economy
Capitalism, private ownership, law of supply and demand (an unregulated system of economic exchange, in which taxes, quality controls, quotas, tariffs, and other forms of centralized economic interventions by government either do not exist or are minimal)
Articles of Confederation
original constitution of the US, replaced by US Constitution
Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson wrote it and it embodies Consent of the governed/Popular sovereignty, Natural rights, Civil liberties, Equality before the law (the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain)
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution; said that all men were equal and granted freedom of the press and freedom of speech
Scorched earth policy
Russia used it in the winter when Napoleon tried to invade and it worked
The Continental System
large-scale embargo against British trade by Napoleon Bonaparte against the British Empire from 21 November 1806 until 11 April 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution
Temperance Movement
A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages
Slums
an overcrowded, dirty area of a city where the housing is usually in very poor condition
The Estates General
was under the monarchy in france and it had three eestates with equal votes (clergy, nobility, everyone else)
The National Assembly
3rd estate group that issued declaration on the rights of man
Diamond Necklace Affair
when Louis XVI purchased a necklace for Marie Antoinette, caused people to blame the crown for their problems
French Revolution
French liberals overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and established a constitutional monarchy
Storming the Bastille
Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille was destroy by revolutionaries; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic
Agricultural Revolution
A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster; the production of food rose dramatically
Enclosure Movement
The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization
The Industrial Revolution
beginning in Great Britain in the 1780s, which gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal
The Seven Years' War
worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land
The American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
The Haitian Revolution
Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves
Otto Von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Confederation; promoted German militarism and industrialization
King Leopold II
King of Belgium who set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s
Karl Marx
19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary; often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society
Principle of intervention
the idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes
Conservatism
associated with Edmund Burke; reaction to excessive violence of French Revolution; tempered many Enlightenment values
Nationalism
arose as a result of people identifying (or imagining) themselves as part of a community, a "nation"; feeling of membership to a nation with a desire for action to enhance the status, power, and well-being of that nation
Constitutionalism
government ruled by a document/constitution; believed these would guarantee the protection of people's rights
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe
Sepoy Rebellion
also known as the "Great Rebellion," a revolt by Indian soldiers against British rule between 1857 and 1858 over the rumors of the use of pig and cow fat used on weapons; ended the reign of the British East India Company and ushered in the British Raj
The Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
The Scramble for Africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts
The Opium Wars
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China
Irish Potato Famine
A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States
Unification of Germany
In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany
The Sino-Japanese War
War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895 over control of the Korean Peninsula; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula (gave it to Russia), but Japan maintained control of Korea (protectorate), Taiwan, and Penghu Islands; special trading privileges in China
Unification of Italy
During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South starting with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy
The Spanish-American War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence; results in the Treaty of Paris, in which the US gains control of Cuba (American protectorate), Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines; marks the end of the Spanish Empire
The American-Philippine War
-Filipinos revolt against American control in 1899-70,000 US troops are sent-It takes 3 yrs to put down rebellion-The Philippines would not be free until 1946
Banana Wars
conflicts in Latin American countries in which the US attempted to protect its commercial interests, sometimes involving their major crop (leading export- bananas) in the early 20th century (early 1900's)
Monroe Doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic
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