lecture 7 (2)- environmental hazard and health impact (pesticides)

16/10

what is a pest? any organism ________ to humans or human concerns

harmful

what is a pesticide? a substance or mixture thereof intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any ________. also any substance or mixture intended for use as a ________ regulator, defoliant, or desiccant

pest, plant

what are insecticides? pesticide compound specifically used to kill or prevent the growth of ___________

insects

what are herbicides? chemical pesticide designed to control or destroy __________, weeds, or grasses

plants 

what are fungicides? a pesticide that is used to control, deter, or destroy ________

fungi

what are nematocides? chemical agents that are destructive to __________

nematodes

what are rodenticides? chemicals or agents used to destroy rats or other ________ pests, or to prevent them from __________ food, crops, etc. 

rodent, damaging 

what are algaecides? chemicals that can kill and/or slow the growth of _________

algae

what are antimicrobial/disinfectants? chemicals used to control _________ and microbes such as bacteria and viruses

germs

what are the methods for insect control? manually removing, ecological, and _____________ (inorganic _____ very effective, organic more widely used) 

pesticides, not

what was the four pests campaign (1958-1962)? sparrows were thought as a significant threat to grain stores, so people were called upon to _____ sparrows, destroy their _________ and bang pots until the birds died of exhaustion. pests such as locusts became the real winners, as they had lost a major _________

shoot, nests, predator 

what are the four categories of pesticides? organo__________, organoc_____mates, organch________, and ___________

organophosphates, organcarbamates, organchlorides, pyrethroids

what are the uses and effects of organophosphates?
uses: do not appear to persist in the environment, most widely used for ____________ purposes, and most common sources of __________ poisoning
effects: affect __________ system and then cause respiratory distress, affect respiratory system, can cause death

agricultural, pesticide, nervous

what are the uses and effects of organocarbamates?

uses: structurally similar to ________ organic compounds and do not appear to persist in the environment 
effects: affect nervous system, _________ toxic to human being, rarely a source of mortality from poisoning 

natural, less

what are the uses and effects of organochlorines?
uses: broad spectrumm, persist in the environment due to ________ stability, most have been __________ in the US
effects: bioaccumulation and long __________ effects, affects nervous system

structural, banned, residual

what are the uses and effects of pyrethroids?
uses: synthesized by imitating the structure of natural pyrethrins, which are active ingredients of pyrethrum, derived from ___________ occurring sources, expensive
effects: highly _________ to insects, but have relatively low toxicity to mammals

naturally, toxic

how many billion pounds of chemicals are used per year in the US? ________ billion. around ________ active ingredients and 30,000 formulations 

4.9, 890

usage of pesticides in the US are __________ percent agricultural industry and _______ percent other industries

75, 25

what are some nonspecific symptoms and signs of health effects of pesticides? rashes, _______-like symptoms, dizziness, seizures, gastrointestinal symptoms

flu

health effects of pesticides mimic symptoms and signs of some common diseases through mild medical conditions, severe medical conditions, and even various long term effects such as ________, birth defect, suppress of immune system, and polyneuropathy 

cancer