Chapter 1 Anatomy- The Human Organism

Homeostasis

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Variables

changes in internal body conditions

Set Point

normal value (98.6)

Anatomy

study of body structures

Developmental Anatomy

anatomy of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood

Embryology

considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development

Cytology

study of the structural features of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Gross Anatomy

study of structures that can be examined with the aid of a microscope

Surface Anatomy

involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body

Physiology

study of processes and functions of living things

Pathology

study of disease

X-ray

extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiations that moves through the body

Ultrasound

uses high frequency sound waves which strike internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin

Computed Tomography (CT)

computer analyzed x-ray images that take several scans and stack the slices to produce a 3d image of a body part

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

one step beyond CT scanning, radiopaque dye is injected into blood which allows for enhanced differences

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

uses radioactive isotopes, interpreted by a computer, can identify metabolic states of various tissues

Anatomical Anomalies

physical characteristics that different from normal pattern, can vary from severity from relatively harmless to life threatening

Chemical Level

involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine to form molecules

Cellular Level

basic structural and functional units of all living organisms

Tissue Level

combined groups of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Organ Level

composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions

Organ System Level

a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit

Organism Level

any living thing considered as a whole

Organization

refers to specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

Metabolism

the ability to use energy and to perform other vital functions

Responsiveness

an organisms ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes

Growth

refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism

Development

includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death

Reproduction

the formation of new cells or new organisms

Receptor

monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli (involved in feedback loops)

Control Center

determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable (involved in feedback loops)

Effector

generates the response that adjusts the value of a changed variable (involved in feedback loops)

Negative Feedback

“to decrease”, any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted (ex. maintenance of body temp.)

Positive Feedback

“to increase”, any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted (ex. contractions for birth)

Anatomical Position

when a person standing erect with the face directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides and palms of hands facing forward

Supine

lying facing forward

Prone

lying facing downward

Right

toward the right side of the body (ex. right ear)

Left

toward the left side of the body (ex. left eye)

Superior (cephalic)

a structure above another (ex. chin to the navel)

Inferior (caudal)

a structure below another (ex. navel to the chin)

Anterior (ventral)

the front of the body (ex. navel to the spine)

Posterior (dorsal)

the back of the body (ex. spine to the breastbone)

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure (ex. elbow to the wrist)

Distal

farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure (ex. wrist to the elbow)

Lateral

away from the midline of the body (ex. shoulders to the heart)

Medial

toward the midline of the body (ex. heart to the shoulders)

Superficial

toward or on the surface (ex. skin to muscle)

Deep

away from the surface, internal (ex. lungs to the ribs)

Head

frontal (forehead), orbital (eye), nasal (nose), oral (mouth), otic (ear), buccal (cheek), mental (chin)

Neck

cervical

Thoracic

pectoral (chest), sternal (breastbone), mammary (breasts)

Abdomen

abdominal (abdomen), umbilical (navel)

Pelvis

pelvic (pelvis), inguinal (groin), pubic (genital)

Clavicular

collarbone

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Antecubial

front of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Manual (hand)

pollex (thumb), palmar (palm), digital (fingers)

Coxal

hip

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

kneecap

Crural

leg

Pedal (foot)

talus (ankle), dorsum (top of foot), digital (toes), hallux (big toe)

Occipital

base of skull

Nuchal

back of neck

Dorsal (back)

scapular (shoulder blade), vertebral (spinal column), lumbar

Sacral

between hips

Gluteal

buttock

Perineal

perineum

Cranial

skull

Acromial

point of shoulder

Olecranon

point of elbow

Dorsum

back of hand

Popliteal

hollow behind knee

Sural

calf

Plantar

sole

Calcaneal

heel

Abdominal Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Sagittal/Mid-sagittal Plane

divides left and right

Transverse Horizontal Plane

parallel to the ground, divides superior from inferior

Frontal/Coronal Plane

divides anterior from posterior

Oblique Plane

angled section (not 90 degrees) to length

Dorsal Cavity

encloses nervous system, houses cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Ventral Cavity

encloses most internal organs (viscera), contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Thoracic Cavity

houses primarily heart and lungs among other organs

Pleural Cavity

categorized under the thoracic cavity, but houses only the lungs that are surrounded by the ribs

Mediastinum

houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus and esophagus

Pericardial Cavity

specific cavity for only the heart

Abdominal Cavity

houses most digestive organs

Pelvic Cavity

houses urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs

Parietal Serous Membrane

layer lines walls of cavities

Visceral Serous Membrane

covers internal organs, directly on the organ

Thoracic Cavity Membranes (Pericardial)

pericardial membrane (only for heart), parietal pericardial membrane, visceral pericardium. filled with pericardial fluid

Thoracic Cavity Membranes (Pleural)

parietal pleura, visceral pleura. filled with pleural fluid

Abdominopelvic Cavity Membranes (Peritoneal)

parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum. filled with peritoneal fluid