Biodiversity Ch.25

Fungi are made up of what components?

Mycellium, fruiting body, and spores

Spores are produced by what part of a fungus?

Fruiting body

Most fungi are _____?

Multicellular

What fungi is unicellular?

Yeast

Yeast

• Single celled fungi

• Found in moist nutrient-rich envirionments

• Common on plant surfaces

• Found in animal cells

• Reproduce asexually by budding

• Used to make bread rise and in fermentation for food and beverages

Mycellium

Composed of aggregations of hyphae

Hypha

Single cells jointed end-to-end and surrounded by a common cell wall

Septum

Peforated wall that seperates each hypha and allows cytoplasm to flow between cells

Do all species of fungi contain septum?

No some species do not, some are giant cells with multiple nuclei

Fungal tissues-Mycelium

• Grows through soil, wood, or tissues of host organisms

• Can be huge

• Reproductive structures form from mycelium

• Have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio

What are the cell walls of fungi made of?

Chitin

What are the cell walls of plants made of?

Cellulose

Are fungi more closely related to plants or animals?

Animals

How do fungi reproduce?

Asexually and/or Sexually

What must happen for sexual reproduction to occur in fungi?

2 haploid hyphae of compatible mating types must come together and fuse

Spores

• Small but tough

• Resistant to drying out, heat and cold

• Dispersed by wind, insects, or animals

• Germinate after landing in a suitable envrionment

• Produced in special structures

Blastocladiomyceta life cycle

Half of their life is pent as haploids and the other half as diploids

Zygomycota life cycle

When doing asexual reproduction, they produce sporangiophores; during sexual reproduction, they make zygosporangnium

What do zygomycota produce during asexual reproduction?

Sporangiophores

What do zygomycota produce during sexual reproduction?

Zygosporangium

Basdiomycota life cycle

The only group that makes mushrooms where the spores are formed from basidia

Ascomycota life cycle

During sexual reproduction they make ascus during asexual reproduction they make conidiophores

Microsporidia

• Might not be fungi

• Used to be classified as protists

• Are small, obligate, intracellular animal parasites

• Do not possess mitochondria but have genes related to mitochondrial formation

Blastocladiomycota

• Only fungi with alternation of generations life span

• Live in aquatic or terrestrial environments

Zygomycota

• Very diverse group

• Sporangiophores are produced when they undergo sexual reproduction

• Cell walls contain chitosan, a modified form of chitin

Neocallimastigomycota

• Found in ruminant guts, where they digest cellulose and lignin

• Lacks true mitochondria

• Genes for producing cellulase came from horizontal gene transfer with bacteria

Chytridiomycota

• Found in aquatic envrionments

• Produce motile zoospores

Glomeromycota

• Only about 150 known species

• Obligate symbionts with plant roots=arbusculaar mycorrhizae

• Allowed plants to colonize land playing a role in their evolution

• No evidence of sexual reproduction because they cannot be cultured without plant roots

Basdiomycota

• Over 30,000 species

• Produce fruiting bodies for reproduction

• Basidia- club shaped structure usually in the gills of the fruiting body

Ascomycota

• Most diverse group with 75% of known fungi species

• Asexual reproduction occurs in conidiophores

• Sexual reproduction occur in asci

• Asci found on fruiting body

• Group also includes yeas that reproduce via budding

What type of nutritional organism are fungi?

Heterotrophs

What do some fungi break down for nutrition?

Cellulose and lignin

What do other fungi feed on and how?

Nematodes, they have a loop that can catch them the hyphae penetrate the nematode body and absorb it

Aspergillus Tubingenesis

Species of fung that can break down plastic

How is fungal feeding possible?

The hyphae secretes chemicals to break down organic molecules