Female Reproductive Health and Pregnancy

These flashcards cover key aspects of dysmenorrhea, pregnancy, postpartum care, and menopause, based on the lecture notes provided.

What is dysmenorrhea?

Dysmenorrhea refers to pain during the menstrual cycle.

What is the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea?

The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea is 50-75%.

What characterizes primary dysmenorrhea?

Pain occurs without pelvic pathology and typically diminishes over time.

What are common symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea?

Common symptoms include crampy lower abdominal pain, back pain, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and headaches.

What is the role of prostaglandins in dysmenorrhea?

Prostaglandins increase uterine contractions and sensitivity to pain, exacerbating dysmenorrhea.

What is a common treatment for dysmenorrhea?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are 80% effective in treating dysmenorrhea.

At what stage does quickening occur during pregnancy?

Quickening occurs between 18-20 weeks for primigravidas and 16-18 weeks for multiparas.

What hormone inhibits glucose intake during pregnancy?

Human placental lactogen inhibits glucose intake to spare it for the growing fetus.

What is gestational diabetes?

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, characterized by hyperglycemia during gestation.

What are risk factors for gestational diabetes?

Risk factors include BMI over 30, previous birth over 4.5 kg, and a family history of diabetes.

What is the significance of the 'mask of pregnancy'?

The mask of pregnancy refers to facial pigmentation changes, such as chloasma gravidarum.

What is the first stage of normal labor?

The first stage of labor involves complete dilation of the cervical opening to 10 cm.

What are common complications of the puerperium?

Complications include postpartum hemorrhage, uterine infections, and perineal trauma.

What is a C-section?

A C-section is an operative procedure to deliver a fetus through an incision in the abdominal and uterine wall.

What is preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.

What is the function of oxytocin during labor?

Oxytocin helps to contract the uterus during labor and is important for postpartum hemorrhage prevention.

What physiological changes occur in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?

Increased blood volume and cardiac output, along with hemodilution leading to dilutional anemia.

What is the normal range for hemoglobin levels during pregnancy?

The normal range is approximately 11-12 g/dL during pregnancy.

What are common symptoms experienced during menopause?

Symptoms include hot flushes, night sweats, mood swings, and decreased libido.