real networking basics

Protocols

The rules that govern how network devices communicate

Packets

Smaller data units sent on a network

Default Gateway

The router address that forwards traffic to other networks

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Ensures reliable delivery by retransmitting lost packets

Electrical Signals

What type of signal transmits data using electrical pulses through copper wire?

Optical Signals

What kind of signal converts electrical data into light pulses for transmission?

Wireless Signals

Transmission by which medium relies on infrared

Bit (binary digit)

Smallest unit of digital information representing what two possible values?

Inferred Data

What kind of data do you agree to share indirectly through consent?

Volunteered Data

What kind of data do you actively create and submit yourself?

Observed Data

What kind of data is collected passively by monitoring user actions or behavior?

Bandwidth

Which term describes the theoretical maximum rate of data transfer per second?

Throughput

What metric shows the actual data successfully transmitted per second?

Latency

What is the term for the total delay from the source to the destination of data?

Network Media

Name the physical or wireless medium that carries network signals.

Actuator

What device converts electrical input signals into physical movement?

Server

In networking, what host type provides services or data to clients?

Client

In a client-server model, what host requests and displays data from a server?

Peer to Peer (P2P)

In which type of network do devices act as both client and server simultaneously?

End Device

What is the source or destination of data in a network?

Cable

What broadband technology carries Internet data on the same coaxial line as cable TV?

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Which connection type uses existing phone lines for high-bandwidth

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

What company provides users with Internet connectivity via cable

Tethering

What is the process of sharing a mobile device’s Internet connection with another device?

Bluetooth

What wireless technology allows short-range communication of about 100 meters?

Near Field Communication (NFC)

Which wireless standard allows devices to communicate by touching or being in very close proximity?

Ethernet Port

Which router ports connect to the internal switch for local network devices?

Internet Port

Which router port connects to the Internet through a modem

Category 5e Cable

What Ethernet cable type uses twisted pairs to reduce interference?

Coaxial Cable

Which type of cable has an inner conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding?

Fiber-Optic Cable

Which medium transmits data as light through glass or plastic fibers?

Wifi Alliance

What organization certifies and ensures compatibility of wireless LAN devices?

Network Mode

What setting determines which Wi-Fi standards (like 802.11a/b/g/n/ac) are supported?

Standard Channel

What determines the frequency channel over which a wireless signal is transmitted?

SSID Broadcast

If disabled, users must manually enter what to connect to the wireless network?

Service Set Identifier (SSID)

What 32-bit alphanumeric name identifies a Wi-Fi network?

Mixed Mode

What network configuration supports multiple Wi-Fi standards simultaneously?

Wireless Stations (STAs)

What are the devices called that connect wirelessly to a Wi-Fi network?

Internet Protocol Address (IP)

What is the numerical label identifying a device’s network and host portion?

Subnet Mask

What determines which part of an IP address identifies the network versus the host?

Gateway

What network node routes traffic between different networks and connects local devices to the Internet?

Dynamic Name System (DNS)

What protocol translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses?

Network Interface Card (NIC)

What hardware enables a device to connect to a network and contains a MAC address?

Media Access Control Address (MAC)

What 48-bit hexadecimal identifier is permanently assigned to a device’s network interface?

Ipconfig

What Windows command displays a computer’s current IP configuration?

Straight Through Cable

Which Ethernet cable connects different device types (like PC to switch) using the same wiring standard?

Cross Over Cable

Which Ethernet cable connects similar devices (like switch to switch) using opposite wiring standards?

Console Cable

Which serial cable allows direct management of network devices through a terminal connection?

Cable Modem

What device provides Internet access by linking the ISP connection to a home router?

Cable Splitter

What hardware separates Internet and television signals from the same coaxial line?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Which protocol automatically assigns IP addresses and network settings to devices?

MAC Address Filtering

What security measure allows or blocks devices from joining a network based on their MAC address?

TCP/IP Application Layer

Represents data to the user; UI; plus encoding and dialog control

TCP/IP Transport Layer

supports communication between various devices across diverse networks.

TCP/IP Internet Layer

Determines the best path through the network

Network Access

Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network

OSI Model

What standardized framework divides network communication into seven layers for interoperability and troubleshooting?

TCP/IP Model

Which protocol suite used for Internet communication is organized into four functional layers?

Application Layer (OSI)

Which OSI layer provides services for user applications such as web browsers and email clients?

Presentation Layer (OSI)

Which OSI layer handles data format translation compression and encryption?

Session Layer (OSI)

Which OSI layer manages the establishment maintenance and termination of communication sessions?

Transport Layer (OSI)

Which OSI layer ensures reliable data delivery segmentation and error recovery between devices?

Network Layer (OSI)

Which OSI layer defines logical addressing and routing for data packets across multiple networks?

Data Link Layer (OSI)

Which OSI layer provides physical addressing using MAC addresses and node-to-node data delivery?

Physical Layer (OSI)

Which OSI layer transfers raw bits over physical media such as cables or radio waves?

Application Layer (TCP/IP)

Which TCP/IP layer combines the OSI Application Presentation and Session layers and supports protocols like HTTP FTP and DNS?

Transport Layer (TCP/IP)

Which TCP/IP layer corresponds to OSI Layer 4 handling reliability and flow control using TCP or UDP?

Internet Layer (TCP/IP)

Which TCP/IP layer is equivalent to OSI Layer 3 providing logical addressing and routing using IP and ICMP?

Network Access Layer (TCP/IP)

Which TCP/IP layer covers OSI Layers 1 and 2 defining how data is physically transmitted and formatted for the medium?

Application, Presentation, and session layers

Which OSI layers map directly to the TCP/IP Application layer?

Transport Layer

Which layer performs the same function in both the OSI and TCP/IP models?

Network Layer

Which OSI layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer?

Data Link, Physical

In the TCP/IP model which OSI layers are combined into the Network Access layer?

HTTP

Which protocol operates at the Application layer and is used to transfer web pages between a client and a web server?

TCP

Which protocol at the Transport layer provides reliable connection-oriented communication ensuring data is delivered in order?

IP

Which protocol at the Internet layer handles logical addressing and routing of packets across networks?

Ethernet

Which protocol at the Data Link layer defines frame formatting and physical transmission over wired LANs?

Network Media

What provides the physical or wireless path for data communication in a network?

Copper Cabling

Which type of network media uses electrical signals to transmit data between devices?

Wireless Media

Which type of media transmits data using radio or microwave signals instead of physical cabling?

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

What is the most common copper cabling used in Ethernet networks today?

Eight wires, arranged as four twisted pairs

How many wires are typically found in a standard Ethernet UTP cable?

to ensure the same wiring pattern is used on both ends of the cable; pin alignment and signal transmission

Why are the wire pairs in twisted pair cables color-coded?

RJ45 Connector

What connector type is used for most Ethernet cables in modern networks?

To ensure that signal pairs align correctly, preventing crosstalk, interference, and connection errors in the ethernet network

Why is it important that RJ45 connectors are installed to proper wiring standards?

Coaxial Cable

Which type of copper cabling has a single solid copper core surrounded by insulation and shielding?

Coaxial Connectors

What types of connectors are commonly used with coaxial cables?

Coaxial Shielding

What protects coaxial cables from electromagnetic interference?

Fiber Optic Cable

Which network media transmits data as pulses of light through glass or plastic fibers?

Core, cladding

What are the two main components of a fiber optic cable that allow light to travel through it?

EMI Resistance

Fiber optic cable is immune to what type of interference that affects copper cables?

Fiber Distance Advantage

Why is fiber optic cabling preferred for long distance communication links?

Fiber Speed Flexibility

What advantage does fiber optics have over copper in terms of data speed and flexibility?

Ethernet technology

Which technology defines communication from one network interface card to another on the same network?

Ethernet Frame

What structured format is used to encapsulate data for transmission across an Ethernet network?

Each field serves a specific purpose like addressing synchronization and error detection.

In an Ethernet frame what do the labeled fields represent?