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6 steps of the scientific method
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data Collection
Conclusion
Restest
Why does an experiment have to be retested?
To verify the results - to make sure the results are reproducible.
What is a control variable
The control variable is something that is constant and unchanged in an experiment.
Independent variables vs. dependent variable
The independent variable is the factor that is changed in the experiment. The dependent variable is the outcome.
Independent variable
The factor (or variable) that is changed in the experiment.
Dependent variable
Effect; the factor that is measured or observed
Control Group vs expermental group
Control group is the group where no change has been made (used for comparison) and an experimental group is the group where one factor is changed.
Control group
A group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results
Experimental group
In an experiment, a group of test subjects on which the independent variable is changed intentionally to see how the change affects the group.
Define Biology
The study of life.
What is the purpose of the scientific method?
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.
What is a theory
A hypothesis or an unproven assumption.
A proposed explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results supported by a wide range of evidence is called
A theory
Difference between theory and scientific law
Theory is unproven and law has been proven through experimentation
Scientific law
a statement based on repeated experimental observations
7 properties of living organisms
Composed of cells (cellular Organization)
Are complex and ordered (ordered complexity)
Respond to their environment (sensitivity)
Can grow, develop and reproduce
Obtain and use energy (energy utilization)
maintain internal balance (homeostatsis)
allow for EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION
is a virus considered a living thing?
No - viruses cannot reproduce on their own.
Levels of organization (AMOCTOOO)
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
What is an ecosystem composed of
A physical environment with different species that interact with one another and with nonliving things.
What is a biosphere?
Life supporting portions of earth including air, land, fresh water and salt water
All organisms and the part of Earth where they exist is called
A biosphere.
What is the smallest unity of life?
Cell
Spontaneous generation vs germ hypothesis
Spontaneous generation - certain life forms can be produced by nonliving matter.
Germ hypothesis - some diseases are caused by microorganisms.
spontaneous generation
Living organisms can be generated spontaneously from nonliving organisms
Germ Hypothesis
Preexisting microorganisms can create germs and bacteria
What is Charles Darwin's contribution to biology
The theory of evolution
What adaptation did Darwin observe in the finiches
The differences in their beaks and wing span
What did Thomas Malthus predict in regards to population growth vs the food supply?
That population would continue to grow as long as resources were unlimited.
Was Thomas Malthus prediction of population growth vs food supply correct?
No. Disease and a limited food supply kept population smaller.
4 post-Darwinian evidences for evolution?
fossil record
mechanisms of herdity
comparative anatomy-homologous & analogous structures
molecular evidence
Homologous structures vs analogous structures
Homologous - same origin different structure & function.
Analogous - Similar structure and function - different origin.
homologous structures
Same evolutionary origin but different structure and function
analogous structures
Similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origin.
4 macromolecules
Carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
What determines the function of a molecule
structure
What are 3 tenets of the cell theory?
All organisms are made of cells
all cells are produced by other living cells
The cell is the basic unit of life
What is the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
They differ greatly in structure - Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Animals, plants, fungi and protists
prokaryotes
Bacteria
Order the following from largest to smallest: Bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic cells
What is the cell membrane composed of
phospholipid bilayer
Cell membrane
Boundry of the cell
Function of the nucleus
Control center of the cell; contains DNA
function of cytoskeleton?
Acts as a skeleton and muscle
Provides shape and structure
helps move organelles around the cell
Function of rough er and smooth er
Rough ER makes proteins
Smooth ER makes lipids
What is the function of rough ER
Makes Proteins
What is the function of smooth ER
Makes lipids
What does ER stand for
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What allows the rough er to synthesize proteins?
Ribosomes
ribosomes
Makes proteins
Function of the nucleus?
To create ribosomes
Function of lysomes
Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste -Garbage disposal of the cell
Function of mitochondria
Cellular respiration which releases energy for the cell to use.
Endosymbiotic theory?
the accepted mechanism for how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.
The main organelles of the eukaryotic cell were actually primitive prokarytoic cells that had been engulfed by a different, bigger prokaryotic cell.
Function of Chloroplast?
contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Which cells have cell walls?
plants, algae, fungi and most bacteria
What organelle is found only in animal cells?
centriole
Which organelles are NOT found in animal cells?
cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplast
What is genetics the study of?
Heredity
Who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
how to do a punnet square problems
Genotype vs phenotype
Genotype - genetic makeup
Phenotype - physical appearance
Genotype
An organism's GEnetic makeup
Phenotype
PHysical appearance
incomplete dominance
When neither allele is dominant (a blend of each allele ex. Red and white = pink)
Note
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