Bio Midterm-10th Grade

6 steps of the scientific method

Observation

Hypothesis

Experiment

Data Collection

Conclusion

Restest

Why does an experiment have to be retested?

To verify the results - to make sure the results are reproducible.

What is a control variable

The control variable is something that is constant and unchanged in an experiment.

Independent variables vs. dependent variable

The independent variable is the factor that is changed in the experiment. The dependent variable is the outcome.

Independent variable

The factor (or variable) that is changed in the experiment.

Dependent variable

Effect; the factor that is measured or observed

Control Group vs expermental group

Control group is the group where no change has been made (used for comparison) and an experimental group is the group where one factor is changed.

Control group

A group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results

Experimental group

In an experiment, a group of test subjects on which the independent variable is changed intentionally to see how the change affects the group.

Define Biology

The study of life.

What is the purpose of the scientific method?

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.

What is a theory

A hypothesis or an unproven assumption.

A proposed explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results supported by a wide range of evidence is called

A theory

Difference between theory and scientific law

Theory is unproven and law has been proven through experimentation

Scientific law

a statement based on repeated experimental observations

7 properties of living organisms

1. Composed of cells (cellular Organization)

2. Are complex and ordered (ordered complexity)

3. Respond to their environment (sensitivity)

4. Can grow, develop and reproduce

5. Obtain and use energy (energy utilization)

6. maintain internal balance (homeostatsis)

7. allow for EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION

is a virus considered a living thing?

No - viruses cannot reproduce on their own.

Levels of organization (AMOCTOOO)

Atoms

Molecules

Organelles

cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

What is an ecosystem composed of

A physical environment with different species that interact with one another and with nonliving things.

What is a biosphere?

Life supporting portions of earth including air, land, fresh water and salt water

All organisms and the part of Earth where they exist is called

A biosphere.

What is the smallest unity of life?

Cell

Spontaneous generation vs germ hypothesis

Spontaneous generation - certain life forms can be produced by nonliving matter.

Germ hypothesis - some diseases are caused by microorganisms.

spontaneous generation

Living organisms can be generated spontaneously from nonliving organisms

Germ Hypothesis

Preexisting microorganisms can create germs and bacteria

What is Charles Darwin's contribution to biology

The theory of evolution

What adaptation did Darwin observe in the finiches

The differences in their beaks and wing span

What did Thomas Malthus predict in regards to population growth vs the food supply?

That population would continue to grow as long as resources were unlimited.

Was Thomas Malthus prediction of population growth vs food supply correct?

No. Disease and a limited food supply kept population smaller.

4 post-Darwinian evidences for evolution?

fossil record

mechanisms of herdity

comparative anatomy-homologous & analogous structures

molecular evidence

Homologous structures vs analogous structures

Homologous - same origin different structure & function.

Analogous - Similar structure and function - different origin.

homologous structures

Same evolutionary origin but different structure and function

analogous structures

Similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origin.

4 macromolecules

Carbohydrates

proteins

lipids

nucleic acids

What determines the function of a molecule

structure

What are 3 tenets of the cell theory?

All organisms are made of cells

all cells are produced by other living cells

The cell is the basic unit of life

What is the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

They differ greatly in structure - Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Animals, plants, fungi and protists

prokaryotes

Bacteria

Order the following from largest to smallest: Bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic cells

What is the cell membrane composed of

phospholipid bilayer

Cell membrane

Boundry of the cell

Function of the nucleus

Control center of the cell; contains DNA

function of cytoskeleton?

Acts as a skeleton and muscle

Provides shape and structure

helps move organelles around the cell

Function of rough er and smooth er

Rough ER makes proteins

Smooth ER makes lipids

What is the function of rough ER

Makes Proteins

What is the function of smooth ER

Makes lipids

What does ER stand for

Endoplasmic Reticulum

What allows the rough er to synthesize proteins?

Ribosomes

ribosomes

Makes proteins

Function of the nucleus?

To create ribosomes

Function of lysomes

Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste -Garbage disposal of the cell

Function of mitochondria

Cellular respiration which releases energy for the cell to use.

Endosymbiotic theory?

the accepted mechanism for how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.

The main organelles of the eukaryotic cell were actually primitive prokarytoic cells that had been engulfed by a different, bigger prokaryotic cell.

Function of Chloroplast?

contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Which cells have cell walls?

plants, algae, fungi and most bacteria

What organelle is found only in animal cells?

centriole

Which organelles are NOT found in animal cells?

cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplast

What is genetics the study of?

Heredity

Who is the father of genetics?

Gregor Mendel

how to do a punnet square problems

Genotype vs phenotype

Genotype - genetic makeup

Phenotype - physical appearance

Genotype

An organism's GEnetic makeup

Phenotype

PHysical appearance

incomplete dominance

When neither allele is dominant (a blend of each allele ex. Red and white = pink)