Psych Ch 1-3

1879

when did psychology originat

Leipzig, Germany

where did psychology originate

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Wilhelm Wundt

who established the first laboratory for the study of psychology

structuralism

analyzing consciousness into basic elements

Edward titchner

who founded structuralism

functionalism

focused on investigating the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure

William James

who founded functionalism

James and functionalism

who won the battles?

John B. Watson

who founded Behaviorism

Behaviorism 1

a reaction against structuralism and functionalism

only observable behavior should be studied in scientific psychology

sigmund frued

who founded the psychoanalytic movement

psychoanalytic movement

to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders you must focus on unconscious behavior determinate

B. F. Skinner

who founded Behaviorism 2

applied psychology

use of psychological principles to solve practical problems

1950s

opposition to psychoanalytical theory, behaviorism develops

1950s and 60s

rise and return on focus of thoughts (cognitive)

biological perspective

explained in terms of physiological processes

examines how the nervous system influences our psychology

evolutionary psychology

functionalism revisited

psychology today

science that studies and the profession that applies the knowledge

authority

books and experts

logic

inference and deduction

common sense

rational judgement

intuition/personal experience

your observations

science

an objective method to gather and evaluate information

science is tentative

can support theories; never prove them

peer review

knowledge must be evaluated by scientific community

step 1 of scientific process

ask a question

step 2 of scientific process

formulate a hypothesis

step 3 of scientific process

derive prediction to test hypothesis

step 4 of scientific process

define how to measure variable

step 5 of scientific process

pick participants

step 6 of scientific process

select a research method

step 7 of scientific process

select a research design

step 8 of scientific process

collect data

step 9 of scientific process

evaluate and draw conclusions

step 10 of scientific process

report findings

step 11 of scientific process

refine/reformulate question as needed

theory

a model or framework that describes a related set o phenomena, predicts futures, occurrences, can be falsified through empirical observation

hypothesis

tentative assertion about our psychology, usually answers why something you expect to observe will occur

prediction

what we expect to observe, deducted form hypothesis to test hypothesis

naturalistic observation

careful monitoring and examination of what animals do in real world conditions

chimpanzees

Jane Goodall

gorillas and mountain lions

dian Fossey

orangutan

Brute Galdikas

case study

through observation and description of a single individual

observations and description only

tells what can happen

correlation

tells you how well one variable predicts another variable

linearly related

Variables use be

positive correlation

positive x and positive z

negative x and negative z

negative correlation

positive x and negative z

no correlation

not associated with each other

variable

any situation, event, or behavior that has at least 2 values

value

a possible number or category that a variable van have

score

a given person’s value on the variable

data

variable and their values and scores.

experiment

study that manipulated a variable (independent variable) and observes its effects on another variable (dependent variable)

independent variable

what we manipulate to see its effects on the DV

dependent variable

what we are measuring

convenient sample

something that is convenient to study

random sampling

randomly picking a name to study

random assignment

randomly putting someone into a experiment group

experimental group

subjects who receive a given level of the independent variable

subject variable

a variable on which participants differ that can’t be manipulated

confounding variable

a variable other than the independent variable that is linked with the independent variable and could also influence the dependent variable

Action Potentials

brief electrical charges

depolarization

neuron becomes less negatively charged

hyperpolarization

neuron becomes more Negatively surged

myelin sheath

speeds up transmission

terminal buttons

end of axon; secrete neurotransmitters

synapse

point at which neurons interconnect

excitatory postsynaptic potential

positive voltage shift

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

negative voltage shift

dopamine

contributes to control of voluntary movement

serotonin

involved n regulation in mood, appetite, and sleep induction

norepinephrine

involved in mood and arousal

against

helps the neurotransmitter

antagonist

stops the neurotransmitter

central nervous system

includes the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

is made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and nervous system

somatic nervous system

is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors

afferent nerve fibers

are axes that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body

efferent nerve fibers

are axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body

autonomic nervous system

is made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands

sympathetic division

is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies (fight or flight)

parasympathetic division

is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves body resources ( rest and digest)

the spinal cord

connects the pain to the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous system

hindbrain

includes medulla, pons, and cerebellum

medulla

regulated autonomic responses such as breathing, swallowing, and blood circulation

pons

connects two halves of brain at the hindbrain level; sleep and arousal

cerebellum (little brain)

coordinates voluntary movement and balance

forebrain

includes cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

cerebral cortex

outer covering of the brain

limbic system

regulates emotions and m motivated behaviors such as hunger, thirst, and aggression

amygdala

involved in aggression and fear

hippocampus

involved in memory storage

thalamus

brain’s sensory switchboard

corpus collosum

the major structure that connects the two major cerebral hemispheres

left hemisphere

verbal processing; language, speech, reading writing