life at cellular level

nucleus

contains cell DNA

nucleoli

sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

nuclear membrane/envelope

encloses nucleus

phospholipid bilayer

endoplasmic reticulum

membrane bound

rough and smooth varieties

RER

has ribosomes attached

modifies proteins

SER

lipid and steroid hormone production and metabolism of toxins

ribosome

synthesise proteins

golgi apparatus

packages up protein in preparation for transport out of the cell

lysosome

bound vesicles containing enzymes

enzymes are degradative

digest biological materials or engulfed particles

peroxisome

bound vesicles containing enzymes

enzymes degrade long chain fatty acids and other foreign toxic molecules (eg H2O2)

mitochondrion

bound by phospholipid bilayer

matrix contains most of enzymes for metabolising food

have their own ribosomes, synthesise most of their own proteins

flagellum

surface projection supported by cytoskeleton

longer than cilium

cilium

surface projection supported by cytoskeleton

short

eukaryotic plasma membrane (cell membrane)

double layer of lipid with attached phosphate groups

phospholipid bilayer

selective barrier

proteins are receptors of chemical messengers

cytoskeleton

cell shape

internal cell order

intracellular transport

movement

assembly of cells into tissues

stem cell

cells that can differentiate into many or any cell types in the body

stem cells are

multipotent and pluripotent

cell differentiation

division of stem cells into identical daughter cells then different cell types depending on gene expression and local cellular environment

apoptosis (essential for normal function)

controlled programmed cell death

membranes bleb

necrosis

untimely death of cells in response to injury or infection

membranes rupture

major elements that construct human biomolecules

H C N O

five chemical reactions occurring in living organisms

redox

c-c bonds

internal rearrangements

group transfers

condensation/hydrolysis

protein structure

amino acids joined together

nucleic acid structure

polymers of nucleotide monomers linked with 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds

nucleotide

combination of phosphate, nitrogenous base and five carbon sugar

polysaccharide (carbohydrates) structure

monosaccharides (eg glucose) joined together

reaction that forms polysaccharides (eg glycogen)

condensation

glycerol

covalently bonds to fatty acids to make lipids

lipid structures

triacylglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

fatty acids joined together

triagylcerides (triglycerides/fats) structure

glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

phospholipids strucure

glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains and phosphate

sterols structure

polar head steroid nucleus alkyl side chain