BLG 311 ch 1

hydrocarbons

molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

functional groups

specific groups of atoms attached to carbon backbones (C-C)

types of functional groups

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

isomers

organic molecules having the some molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms

structural isomers

where the differences are in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton

stereoicomers

have the same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to this skeleton are arranged in space.

macromolecules

extremely large molecules, consisting of polymers of similar smaller molecules (monomers) linked by covalent bonds

monomers

when ____ are covalently linked together, they form a polymer

polymers

a long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called momomers

carbohydrates

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

proteins

functional, structures

lipids

fats, phospholipids, prostaglandins, steroids, terpenes

starch and slycogen

subunit: glucose

function: energy storage

example: potatoes

cellulose

subunit: glucose

function: structural support in plant cell walls

Example: paper or strings of celery

chitin

subunit: modified glucose

function: structural support

DNA

subunit: nucleotides

function: encodes genes

RNA

subunit: nucleotides

function: needed for gene expression

functional

subunit: amino acids

function: catalysis and transport

example: hemoglobin

structural

subunit: amino acids

function: support

example: hair and silk

fats

subunit: glycerol and three fatty acids

function: energy storage

example: butter and corn oil and soap

phospholipids

subunit: glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate, and polar R groups

function: cell membranes

example: prostidylcholine

prostaglandins

subunit: five-carbon rings with two nonpolar tails

function: chemical messengers

example: prostagladin E (PGE)

steroids

subunit: four fused carbon rings

function: membrtanes and hormones

example: cholesterol and estrogen

terpenes

subunit: long carbon chains

function: pigments and structural support

example: carotene and rubber

dehydration synthesis

removes OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule. this is how monomers form polymers.

hydrolysis

breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H. This is how polymers can also be broken back down into monomers

protein functions

enzyme cataysis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage

enzyme catalysis

facilitates chemical reaction

defense

that recognize foreign cells

transport

transports small molecule and ions

support

form the matrix of skin, tendons, etc.

motion

by sliding or contracting allow movement inside the cells

regulation

hormones that are intercellular regulations

storage

Ca++ and iron are stored by binding to proteins

proteins

are polymers of amino acids

peptide bonds

a protein is composed of one or more long chains of amino acids linked by ______

polypeptidtes

these are the chains that hold the protein together

nonpolar and nonaromatic

Alanine (Ala), valine (val), isoleucine (ile), leucine (leu), glycine (gly)

nonpolar and aromatic

phenylalanine (phe)

tryptophan (trp)

nonpolar and special function

proline (pro)

methionine (met)

polar uncharged and nonaromatic

serine (ser)

threonine (the)

asparagine (asn)

glutamine (gln)

polar uncharged and aromatic

tyrosine (tyr)

polar uncharged and special function

cysteine (cys)

charged and nonaromatic

glutamic acid (glu)

aspartic acid (asp)

distidine (his)

lysine (lys)

arginine (arg)

shape

protein function is determined by its _____

primary

specific amino acid sequence

secondary

folding of amino acid chains primary due to H--H

motifs

folds or creases (super secondary structure)

foiling and coiling

due to interactions among R groups and surrounding water

Interactions between R groups

Hydrogen bonds

Di- sulfide bridges

ionic bonds

van der waal's forces

hydrophobic exclusion

tertiary

final folded shape of globular protein (3-D)

domains

functional units coded by an exon

quaternary

forms when two or more polypeptide chains (subunits) associate to form a functional protein.

domains

functional units within a larger structure

Chaperone proteins

help other proteins to fold correctly

monosaccharides

the simplest of the carbohydrates

dissaccharide

two monosaccharides linked together

polyaccharides

are longer plyners made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reactions

starch

a storage polysaccharide, consists entirely of alpha-glucose molecules linked in long chains

cellulose

a structural polysaccharide, also cosists of beta- glucose molecules linked in chains

glysogen

the comparable molecule to startch in animals

chitin

the structural material found in arthropods and many fungi

RNA

ribonucleic acid

nucleic acid

a chain of five-carbon sugars linked together b phosphodiester bonds with nitrogenous base protruding from each sugar

adenosine triphosphate

the energy currency of the cell

amino acids

contain an amino group and an acidic carboxyl group

helix

peptides that are coiled into a spiral

beta sheet

a secondary structure can occur between regions of peptide aligned next to each other to form a planar structure

tertiaty structure

the final folded shape of a globular protein

denaturation

if a proteins environment is altered, the protein may change its shape or even unfold completely

dissociation

for quartnary structure, that may be dissociated without losing their individual tertiary structure

lipids

a somewhat loosely defined group of moecules with one main chemical characteristic. they are insoluble in water.