Voice and Resonance Disorders Flashcard Set

Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing

Sternum

Contains three processes to serve as attachments for the respiratory muscles & diaphragm

Bronchioles

The smallest branches of the respiratory tree

Pleural

A pneumothorax occurs when this space is disrupted

Cricothyroid muscle

The primary intrinsic muscle that lengthens and tenses the vocal folds, leading to pitch changes.

Varix

Superficial, prominent vein that is enlarged and dilated

Ectasias

Dilated, merged blood vessels on vocal folds, appearing as red lesions. Caused by phonotrauma, increasing risk of vocal fold hemorrhage due to fragile, enlarged capillaries.

Occupationally related voice disorders

Voice problems that occur as a result of vocal demands in the workplace

The nerve primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction and adduction

The Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

Vocal symptoms associated with presbylaryngis

Reduced vocal loudness (reduced intensity), rough vocal quality, and altered pitch

Vocal cyst

A benign, mucus-filled lesion surrounded by a membrane on the vocal fold surface, caused by phonotrauma, glandular blockage, or congenital factors.

Papilloma

A rapidly recurring lesion in infants, posing airway threats, potentially needing repeated surgeries, and causing symptoms like dyspnea, stridor, and rough vocal quality.

Two perceptual signs and symptoms that can be seen with a laryngeal web

Reduced mucosal wave, increase vocal fold stiffness

Reinke’s edema

When the entire membranous portion of the vocal folds becomes filled with fluid

Three approaches to organize and classify etiology of voice disorders

Functional, organic, neurologic

5 D's for determining a diagnosis

Determine the cause, severity, clinical course, predicted and actual treatment response.

Otolaryngologist

Specializes in care of the larynx related to voice production, breathing and swallowing

Voice characteristics that a person with Parkinson's disease might present with

Decreased vocal intensity and reduced loudness ranges, decreased vocal pitch range as well as vocal tremor

Causes of contact ulcers and granulomas

Laryngopharyngeal reflux irritation, intubation trauma, phonotrauma

Important criteria in the selection of any instrument used to evaluate voice

Reliable, Valid

Essential voice tremor

A hyperkinetic voice disorder marked by rhythmic pitch changes during vowel prolongation.

Glottal closure

The degree to which the vocal folds close during maximum adduction during phonation

Vocal fold edge appearance

The smoothness of the vocal fold edges

Mucosal wave

The assessment of the degree of traveling wave that is present on the superior surface of rhetorical vocal fold during phonation

Periodicity

Regularity of successive cycles of vibration during phonation

Vocal fold mobility

The degree of vocal fold movement during phonation

Aerodynamic parameters used to define vocal functioning

Average airflow and estimated sub glottal pressure

Spectrogram

A visual representation of the speech acoustic signal

High-risk performer

A vocal performer who works in major theme parks

Artificial larynx

A device used to produce speech using vibrations when placed against the neck

TEP

Surgically creating a small puncture through the posterior tracheal wall into the esophagus

Stoma

A surgically created opening in the neck which allows for breathing

Muscle tension dysphonia

Functional voice disorder that adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) can be confused with

Tool is recommended to help the clinician understand the performer’s perception of their singing difficulties

Singer's Voice Handicap

Hemilaryngectomy

Procedure that involves removal of one vertical half of the larynx including one false vocal fold, ventricle, true vocal fold, and portion of the thyroid cartilage on the involved side

Cancer staging

T Tumor; N node/nodal disease; M metastasis

Common symptoms that singers may report

Vocal fatigue, vocal effort, vocal demand response

Tracheoesophageal speech

A method of laryngeal communication used after a total laryngectomy

Thyroid lamina

Broad, flat plates of cartilages; place for other muscular attachments to the thyroid cartilage.

Superior cornu

Attaches to the hyoid bone via ligaments.

Thyroid prominence

A prominent feature of the thyroid cartilage.

Inferior cornu

Connects the thyroid to the cricoid cartilage.

Transverse arytenoid muscle

Adducts vocal folds, drawing arytenoids together horizontally for complete glottal closure.

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

The only intrinsic laryngeal muscle that abducts the vocal folds by rotating the arytenoid cartilages laterally. Essential for breathing.

Inlet of the larynx

Opening to the larynx.

Epiglottis

Leaf-shaped cartilage in the larynx.

Cornua of thyroid cartilage

Points/horns of the thyroid cartilage.

Cricoid cartilage

Cartilage forming the base of the larynx.

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

An intrinsic laryngeal muscle that adducts the vocal folds by rotating the arytenoid cartilages medially, closing the glottis for phonation. Decreases length of the vocal folds.

Vocal ligament

Ligament that contributes to the vocal cords.

Arytenoid cartilage

Cartilage that articulates with the cricoid cartilage.

Thyromuscularis

Relaxes and shortens the vocal folds, lowering pitch and contributing to glottal closure.

Vocal ligament

Ligament that contributes to the vocal cords.

Thyrovocalis

Muscle involved in vocal cord adduction, decreasing length, and adjusting vocal tension.

Oblique arytenoid muscle

Adducts the vocal folds by pulling arytenoid cartilages together and assists in closing the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.