World War I IB HOTA 12

Great Powers (Pre-War Conditions)

Militarism, Industrialization, Imperialism/Nationalism; Balkan Powder Keg, alliances

Great Britain

- Part of Entente
- Large Navy
- Number 1 Hegemon

Germany

- Part of Triple Alliance
- Largest army and economy
- New nation in 1870

Russia

- Part of Entente
- Able to mobilize quickly
- Autocrat

Austria-Hungary

- Part of Alliance
- "Patchwork Empire"
- Franz Ferdinand is dead

France

- Part of Entente
- Only Republic

International Arms Race

Over course of period 1870-1914
- armies
- navies
-causes size of militaries to grow (doesn't mean war)
- Colonies

Militarism

The ideology that a nation should be preparing for war:
- propaganda
- parade
- excitement of war

Deterrence

to avoid or stop from going to war, build navies instead

HMS Dreadnought

British ship, largest battleship on earth, they have sales contracts with Germany and Turkey, magical item in arms race

Conscription

Army draft (all countries, except Britain) to reinforce militarism

Germany's Emergence

emerges in 1870 as unified nation after Franco-Prussian War, Kaiser implements imperial expansion, unification, and industrialization (capitalism)

Morocco Crisis (1906, 1911)

- City in Tunisia
- Kaiser tries to take over french protectorate in an invalid way, which leads to to a conference to solve crisis in 1906
- Where the Entente is created
- Where the British enter Entente, but tell Germany they support them
- He tries again in 1911

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (at the beginning)

Triple Entente (Entente Cordiale)

Britain, France, and Russia (Italy at end)

First Balkan War 1912-1913 (causes/outcomes)

- Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro wanted to liberate themselves from the Ottoman Empire
- The treaty Serbia and Bulgaria signed gave north Macedonia to Serbia and south Macedonia to Bulgaria

Second Balkan War (causes/outcomes)

- Caused by the outcomes of the first war, Serbia wants more land
- The Treaty of Bucharest ended the SBW in 1913.

Dragutin Dimitrijevic (Apis)

Leader of the Black Hand

Black Hand

Terrorist group "Unity or Death" that organized the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip

Person who assassinated Franz Ferdinand

Assassination in Sarajevo

Black Hands plots and killed Archduke Ferdinand

Order of the "countdown to war"

1. German Blank Check
2. Ultimatum sent
3. Serbia responds but no military inspection
4. Serbia appeals to Russia
5. Russia mobilizes
6. French give support to Russia
7. Germany declares war on Russia
8. Britain aids Belgium
9. Britain declares war on Germany

Tribal Glee: the Spirit of August

Everyone is excited to go to war, they hold parades

Schlieffen Plan (concept)

Russia will take 6-8 weeks to mobilize, Germany will smash France and take Paris within 2 weeks and then turn around to fight Russia

Plan 17

French plan to take entire army and throw it into the Alsace and Lorraine

Battle of the Marne

Shift in war, solidifies trench line, with 100,000 casualties on each side

Tannenburg/Masurian Lakes Campaign

Germans fight Russians and turns into deadlock trench warfare by Christmas

Invasion of Galicia

Russians invade and that is as far as the Russians can get into AH

Japan's involvement

Join war because they want German territory in Aisa for resources

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Cancelled in 1916 because of Lusitania, but Germans realize they can win war if implemented

British Blockade

Violation of international law, they mine the North Sea

Westerners vs. Easterners

How to break stalemate
- W: mass more men and throw it at the line
- E: force Germans to open Western Front and invade Gallipoli

Gallipoli Campaign

British navy wants Gallipoli
- Take Gallipoli peninsula
- Sweep mine
- Race up Peninsula and take Istanbul
Doesn't work at all

ANZACs

Army training in Egypt: Australia New Zealand Army Corps. Group is promised autonomy

Trench Warfare

Dig a trench in the ground, causes invention of new technologies to beat it, and trench foot

Poison Gas (3 kinds)

- Tear Gas
- Chlorine Gas
- Mustard Gas

Machine Guns

New invention, mounted on tanks, can fire many rounds at once

Tanks

- British Mark V: drive over trenches and fire in the rear
- French Renault FT: can shoot 360 but gets stuck in trenches
- German A7v: Can hold 9 people and guns on every side (Indiana Jones one)

Uses of the airplanes

- Reconnaissance
- Then dropping brick and rocks
- Then attach guns and have dog fights in the air
(NO STRATEGIC IMPACT)

Artillery

Bigger and better, mounted guns, bombs built like lots of bullets to kill more people

Grenades

designed to clear trenches and take out 10 guys with every throw

Battle of the Jutland

Largest naval engagement, Germans trap British ships in North Sea

Battle of Verdun

Germans attack French, turns into stalemate, Germans want to bleed the other side dry

Battle of the Somme

November 1916, Haig masses more troops to bombard the Germans and then move forward, Britain moves slightly forward

Russian Revolution

1917 in February, gets rid of tsarist government, but Russia still stays in army

February Revolution

Provisional Government takes over and renamed St. Petersburg to Petrograd

Alexander Kerensky

Leader of the Provisional Government

July Offensive

Russia launches on eastern front, people just get up and leave the battlefield.

October Revolution

Bolsheviks take over government and take Russia out of the War

Nivelle Offensive

Nivelle (new French commander) fails and killed by mutineers, transforms into defensive war

Phillipe Petain

New French General who give the French soilders whatever they want

Passchendaele

Fought in Belgium, Third Ypres, largest Canadian support

Battle of Caporetto

Fought in North Italy in mountains and draw Allies' army thinner

decision to restart unrestricted submarine warfare

Decide they can win the war if reinstated, gets US into war

Convoy System

Started after USW, large number of ships traveling together with important ones in the middle

Lawrence of Arabia

Turkish rebel leader, captured Jerusalem,

Arab revolts

Lawrence of Arabia leader and tribes band together and with ANZACs they take capital

Fall of Palestine

Sykes-Picot treaty makes it a British Protectorate

US claims to neutrality

Wilson runs on neutrality for reelection and wins election
US picks sides economically
- Loan Germany 250 million
- Loan British 2.3 billion

violations of neutrality, British and German

British: mine and blockade the North Sea
Germany: USW

Lusitania

Sunken by USW with 26 Americans dead (USA NOT happy)

Zimmerman Telegram

Message to Mexico intercepted by British and published in US newspapers,

Wilson's Idealist reasons for entering the War

US can become a world superpower, war for democracy, and 14 Points

Economic & Strategic reasons for US entry into the War

Economically invested in war on Allies' side. A victory puts US as a world power

US draft and volunteerism

Wilson calls for 100,000 volunteers (doesn't happen), so has to draft (and draft dodgers)

Council on National Defense

Based on German "War Socialism" the government makes all decisions in economy to maximize war profit

Food Administration

Herbert Hoover, Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, Porkless Thursdays; victory gardens and leftovers

Fuel Administration

Daylight Savings Time, Heatless Mondays

War Industries Board

Runs all major manufacturing plant productions

War Labor Board

WHT settles all labor disputes with shortened work days and raising minimum wage

Committee on Public Information

4 Minute Men on every corner, censors newspapers and movies, American propaganda

Anti-War/Peace Movement

Movement by German-Americans who were out of work, they want to settle the war

Draft Dodging

300,000 dodge and there is no way to prosecute all of them

Espionage Act of 1917

$10,000 fine with 20 years for:
- aid to enemy
- Insubordination
- Disloyalty (can be proved)
- Refusal of duty to armed services
- Postmaster ban subversive mail

Sedition Act of 1918

Double penalties and cannot write or print anything against the War or government

Black contributions to the War, Great Migration

NAACP, Black people moved West and North. They bring culture and jazz with them to transform the North. Also reinforces segreation

Meaning of the War for American elite/leaders (4 things)

- War for democracy
- Miracle of economic regualtion
- Progressive fight to head off socialism
- Americanization of immigrants

5 themes of the 14 points

- Self-determination
- Peace without victory
- Disarmament
- Fair treatment of colonial peoples
- League of Nations

Brest-Litovsk

Russian peace treaty to take them out of the war. Give up all western territory

Ludendorff Offensive/Second Battle of the Marne

Germans very successful then pillage and get drunk and they are defeated by the Americans (beginning of end)

US troops impact in Second Battle of the Marne

Lots of fresh men who push the Germans all they way back

Germany's desire for "peace without victory" (6 things)

- no reparations
- freedom of the seas
- end of tariffs
- reduction of weapons
- self-rule
- League of Nations

Versailles Treaty

Treaty that ends WWI with Big 4
- Germany's army limited to 100,000
- Navy limited to 20-30 ships
- No airforce
- 33 billion in reparations

Diktat

Dicated peace and german's were told to sign the treaty, lost national territory and split into two (not on test)

League of Nations

Wilson's idea, every country but US joins because Wilson didn't bring a Republican with him

Geneva Conventions

Outlaw poison gas and POW, to prevent another world war