Studied by 4 people
Great Powers (Pre-War Conditions)
Militarism, Industrialization, Imperialism/Nationalism; Balkan Powder Keg, alliances
Great Britain
- Part of Entente
- Large Navy
- Number 1 Hegemon
Germany
- Part of Triple Alliance
- Largest army and economy
- New nation in 1870
Russia
- Part of Entente
- Able to mobilize quickly
- Autocrat
Austria-Hungary
- Part of Alliance
- "Patchwork Empire"
- Franz Ferdinand is dead
France
- Part of Entente
- Only Republic
International Arms Race
Over course of period 1870-1914
- armies
- navies
-causes size of militaries to grow (doesn't mean war)
- Colonies
Militarism
The ideology that a nation should be preparing for war:
- propaganda
- parade
- excitement of war
Deterrence
to avoid or stop from going to war, build navies instead
HMS Dreadnought
British ship, largest battleship on earth, they have sales contracts with Germany and Turkey, magical item in arms race
Conscription
Army draft (all countries, except Britain) to reinforce militarism
Germany's Emergence
emerges in 1870 as unified nation after Franco-Prussian War, Kaiser implements imperial expansion, unification, and industrialization (capitalism)
Morocco Crisis (1906, 1911)
- City in Tunisia
- Kaiser tries to take over french protectorate in an invalid way, which leads to to a conference to solve crisis in 1906
- Where the Entente is created
- Where the British enter Entente, but tell Germany they support them
- He tries again in 1911
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (at the beginning)
Triple Entente (Entente Cordiale)
Britain, France, and Russia (Italy at end)
First Balkan War 1912-1913 (causes/outcomes)
- Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro wanted to liberate themselves from the Ottoman Empire
- The treaty Serbia and Bulgaria signed gave north Macedonia to Serbia and south Macedonia to Bulgaria
Second Balkan War (causes/outcomes)
- Caused by the outcomes of the first war, Serbia wants more land
- The Treaty of Bucharest ended the SBW in 1913.
Dragutin Dimitrijevic (Apis)
Leader of the Black Hand
Black Hand
Terrorist group "Unity or Death" that organized the assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
Person who assassinated Franz Ferdinand
Assassination in Sarajevo
Black Hands plots and killed Archduke Ferdinand
Order of the "countdown to war"
1. German Blank Check
2. Ultimatum sent
3. Serbia responds but no military inspection
4. Serbia appeals to Russia
5. Russia mobilizes
6. French give support to Russia
7. Germany declares war on Russia
8. Britain aids Belgium
9. Britain declares war on Germany
Tribal Glee: the Spirit of August
Everyone is excited to go to war, they hold parades
Schlieffen Plan (concept)
Russia will take 6-8 weeks to mobilize, Germany will smash France and take Paris within 2 weeks and then turn around to fight Russia
Plan 17
French plan to take entire army and throw it into the Alsace and Lorraine
Battle of the Marne
Shift in war, solidifies trench line, with 100,000 casualties on each side
Tannenburg/Masurian Lakes Campaign
Germans fight Russians and turns into deadlock trench warfare by Christmas
Invasion of Galicia
Russians invade and that is as far as the Russians can get into AH
Japan's involvement
Join war because they want German territory in Aisa for resources
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Cancelled in 1916 because of Lusitania, but Germans realize they can win war if implemented
British Blockade
Violation of international law, they mine the North Sea
Westerners vs. Easterners
How to break stalemate
- W: mass more men and throw it at the line
- E: force Germans to open Western Front and invade Gallipoli
Gallipoli Campaign
British navy wants Gallipoli
- Take Gallipoli peninsula
- Sweep mine
- Race up Peninsula and take Istanbul
Doesn't work at all
ANZACs
Army training in Egypt: Australia New Zealand Army Corps. Group is promised autonomy
Trench Warfare
Dig a trench in the ground, causes invention of new technologies to beat it, and trench foot
Poison Gas (3 kinds)
- Tear Gas
- Chlorine Gas
- Mustard Gas
Machine Guns
New invention, mounted on tanks, can fire many rounds at once
Tanks
- British Mark V: drive over trenches and fire in the rear
- French Renault FT: can shoot 360 but gets stuck in trenches
- German A7v: Can hold 9 people and guns on every side (Indiana Jones one)
Uses of the airplanes
- Reconnaissance
- Then dropping brick and rocks
- Then attach guns and have dog fights in the air
(NO STRATEGIC IMPACT)
Artillery
Bigger and better, mounted guns, bombs built like lots of bullets to kill more people
Grenades
designed to clear trenches and take out 10 guys with every throw
Battle of the Jutland
Largest naval engagement, Germans trap British ships in North Sea
Battle of Verdun
Germans attack French, turns into stalemate, Germans want to bleed the other side dry
Battle of the Somme
November 1916, Haig masses more troops to bombard the Germans and then move forward, Britain moves slightly forward
Russian Revolution
1917 in February, gets rid of tsarist government, but Russia still stays in army
February Revolution
Provisional Government takes over and renamed St. Petersburg to Petrograd
Alexander Kerensky
Leader of the Provisional Government
July Offensive
Russia launches on eastern front, people just get up and leave the battlefield.
October Revolution
Bolsheviks take over government and take Russia out of the War
Nivelle Offensive
Nivelle (new French commander) fails and killed by mutineers, transforms into defensive war
Phillipe Petain
New French General who give the French soilders whatever they want
Passchendaele
Fought in Belgium, Third Ypres, largest Canadian support
Battle of Caporetto
Fought in North Italy in mountains and draw Allies' army thinner
decision to restart unrestricted submarine warfare
Decide they can win the war if reinstated, gets US into war
Convoy System
Started after USW, large number of ships traveling together with important ones in the middle
Lawrence of Arabia
Turkish rebel leader, captured Jerusalem,
Arab revolts
Lawrence of Arabia leader and tribes band together and with ANZACs they take capital
Fall of Palestine
Sykes-Picot treaty makes it a British Protectorate
US claims to neutrality
Wilson runs on neutrality for reelection and wins election
US picks sides economically
- Loan Germany 250 million
- Loan British 2.3 billion
violations of neutrality, British and German
British: mine and blockade the North Sea
Germany: USW
Lusitania
Sunken by USW with 26 Americans dead (USA NOT happy)
Zimmerman Telegram
Message to Mexico intercepted by British and published in US newspapers,
Wilson's Idealist reasons for entering the War
US can become a world superpower, war for democracy, and 14 Points
Economic & Strategic reasons for US entry into the War
Economically invested in war on Allies' side. A victory puts US as a world power
US draft and volunteerism
Wilson calls for 100,000 volunteers (doesn't happen), so has to draft (and draft dodgers)
Council on National Defense
Based on German "War Socialism" the government makes all decisions in economy to maximize war profit
Food Administration
Herbert Hoover, Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, Porkless Thursdays; victory gardens and leftovers
Fuel Administration
Daylight Savings Time, Heatless Mondays
War Industries Board
Runs all major manufacturing plant productions
War Labor Board
WHT settles all labor disputes with shortened work days and raising minimum wage
Committee on Public Information
4 Minute Men on every corner, censors newspapers and movies, American propaganda
Anti-War/Peace Movement
Movement by German-Americans who were out of work, they want to settle the war
Draft Dodging
300,000 dodge and there is no way to prosecute all of them
Espionage Act of 1917
$10,000 fine with 20 years for:
- aid to enemy
- Insubordination
- Disloyalty (can be proved)
- Refusal of duty to armed services
- Postmaster ban subversive mail
Sedition Act of 1918
Double penalties and cannot write or print anything against the War or government
Black contributions to the War, Great Migration
NAACP, Black people moved West and North. They bring culture and jazz with them to transform the North. Also reinforces segreation
Meaning of the War for American elite/leaders (4 things)
- War for democracy
- Miracle of economic regualtion
- Progressive fight to head off socialism
- Americanization of immigrants
5 themes of the 14 points
- Self-determination
- Peace without victory
- Disarmament
- Fair treatment of colonial peoples
- League of Nations
Brest-Litovsk
Russian peace treaty to take them out of the war. Give up all western territory
Ludendorff Offensive/Second Battle of the Marne
Germans very successful then pillage and get drunk and they are defeated by the Americans (beginning of end)
US troops impact in Second Battle of the Marne
Lots of fresh men who push the Germans all they way back
Germany's desire for "peace without victory" (6 things)
- no reparations
- freedom of the seas
- end of tariffs
- reduction of weapons
- self-rule
- League of Nations
Versailles Treaty
Treaty that ends WWI with Big 4
- Germany's army limited to 100,000
- Navy limited to 20-30 ships
- No airforce
- 33 billion in reparations
Diktat
Dicated peace and german's were told to sign the treaty, lost national territory and split into two (not on test)
League of Nations
Wilson's idea, every country but US joins because Wilson didn't bring a Republican with him
Geneva Conventions
Outlaw poison gas and POW, to prevent another world war
